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c#查詢關(guān)鍵字之group子句的使用
引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：C#看起來(lái)與Java有著驚人的相似；它包括了諸如單一繼承、接口、與Java幾乎同樣的語(yǔ)法和編譯成中間代碼再運(yùn)行的過(guò)程。以下是小編整理的c#查詢關(guān)鍵字之group子句的使用，歡迎參考閱讀!
group 子句返回一個(gè) IGrouping<(Of <(TKey, TElement>)>) 對(duì)象序列，這些對(duì)象包含零個(gè)或更多個(gè)與該組的鍵值匹配的項(xiàng)。例如，可以按照每個(gè)字符串中的第一個(gè)字母對(duì)字符串序列進(jìn)行分組。在這種情況下，第一個(gè)字母是鍵且具有 char 類型，并且存儲(chǔ)在每個(gè) IGrouping<(Of <(TKey, TElement>)>) 對(duì)象的 Key 屬性中。編譯器可推斷該鍵的類型。
可以用 group 子句結(jié)束查詢表達(dá)式，如下面的示例所示：
C#
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<char, Student>>
var studentQuery1 =
from student in students
group student by student.Last[0];
如果您想要對(duì)每個(gè)組執(zhí)行附加查詢操作，則可以使用 into 上下文關(guān)鍵字指定一個(gè)臨時(shí)標(biāo)識(shí)符。使用 into 時(shí)，必須繼續(xù)編寫該查詢，并最終用一個(gè) select 語(yǔ)句或另一個(gè) group 子句結(jié)束該查詢，如下面的代碼摘錄所示：
C#
// Group students by the first letter of their last name
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<char, Student>>
var studentQuery2 =
from student in students
group student by student.Last[0] into g
orderby g.Key
select g;
本主題中的“示例”部分中提供了使用含有和不含 into 的 group 的更完整示例。
枚舉組查詢的結(jié)果
由于 group 查詢產(chǎn)生的 IGrouping<(Of <(TKey, TElement>)>) 對(duì)象實(shí)質(zhì)上是列表的列表，因此必須使用嵌套的 foreach 循環(huán)來(lái)訪問(wèn)每一組中的各個(gè)項(xiàng)。外部循環(huán)用于循環(huán)訪問(wèn)組鍵，內(nèi)部循環(huán)用于循環(huán)訪問(wèn)組本身中的每個(gè)項(xiàng)。組可能具有鍵，但沒(méi)有元素。以下是執(zhí)行上述代碼示例中的查詢的 foreach 循環(huán)：
C#
// Iterate group items with a nested foreach. This IGrouping encapsulates
// a sequence of Student objects, and a Key of type char.
// For convenience, var can also be used in the foreach statement.
foreach (IGrouping<char, Student> studentGroup in studentQuery2)
{
Console.WriteLine(studentGroup.Key);
// Explicit type for student could also be used here.
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}, {1}", student.Last, student.First);
}
}
鍵類型
組鍵可以是任何類型，如字符串、內(nèi)置數(shù)值類型、用戶定義的命名類型或匿名類型。
按字符串進(jìn)行分組
上述代碼示例使用的是 char�？梢院苋菀椎馗臑橹付ㄗ址I，如完整的姓氏：
C#
// Same as previous example except we use the entire last name as a key.
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<string, Student>>
var studentQuery3 =
from student in students
group student by student.Last;
按布爾進(jìn)行分組
下面的示例演示使用布爾值作為鍵將結(jié)果劃分成兩個(gè)組。請(qǐng)注意，該值是由 group 子句中的子表達(dá)式產(chǎn)生的。
C#
class GroupSample1
{
// The element type of the data source.
public class Student
{
public string First { get; set; }
public string Last { get; set; }
public int ID { get; set; }
public List<int> Scores;
}
public static List<Student> GetStudents()
{
// Use a collection initializer to create the data source. Note that each element
// in the list contains an inner sequence of scores.
List<Student> students = new List<Student>
{
new Student {First="Svetlana", Last="Omelchenko", ID=111, Scores= new List<int> {97, 72, 81, 60}},
new Student {First="Claire", Last="O'Donnell", ID=112, Scores= new List<int> {75, 84, 91, 39}},
new Student {First="Sven", Last="Mortensen", ID=113, Scores= new List<int> {99, 89, 91, 95}},
new Student {First="Cesar", Last="Garcia", ID=114, Scores= new List<int> {72, 81, 65, 84}},
new Student {First="Debra", Last="Garcia", ID=115, Scores= new List<int> {97, 89, 85, 82}}
};
return students;
}
static void Main()
{
// Obtain the data source.
List<Student> students = GetStudents();
// Group by true or false.
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<bool, Student>>
var booleanGroupQuery =
from student in students
group student by student.Scores.Average() >= 80; //pass or fail!
// Execute the query and access items in each group
foreach (var studentGroup in booleanGroupQuery)
{
Console.WriteLine(studentGroup.Key == true ? "High averages" : "Low averages");
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}, {1}:{2}", student.Last, student.First, student.Scores.Average());
}
}
// Keep the console window open in debug mode.
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
/* Output:
Low averages
Omelchenko, Svetlana:77.5
O'Donnell, Claire:72.25
Garcia, Cesar:75.5
High averages
Mortensen, Sven:93.5
Garcia, Debra:88.25
*/
按數(shù)值范圍進(jìn)行分組
下一個(gè)示例使用表達(dá)式創(chuàng)建表示百分比范圍的數(shù)值組鍵。請(qǐng)注意，該示例使用 let 作為方法調(diào)用結(jié)果的方便存儲(chǔ)位置，從而無(wú)需在 group 子句中調(diào)用該方法兩次。另請(qǐng)注意，在 group 子句中，為了避免發(fā)生“被零除”異常，代碼進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)檢查以確保學(xué)生的平均成績(jī)不為零。有關(guān)如何在查詢表達(dá)式中安全使用方法的更多信息，請(qǐng)參見如何：在查詢表達(dá)式中處理異常（C# 編程指南）。
C#
class GroupSample2
{
// The element type of the data source.
public class Student
{
public string First { get; set; }
public string Last { get; set; }
public int ID { get; set; }
public List<int> Scores;
}
public static List<Student> GetStudents()
{
// Use a collection initializer to create the data source. Note that each element
// in the list contains an inner sequence of scores.
List<Student> students = new List<Student>
{
new Student {First="Svetlana", Last="Omelchenko", ID=111, Scores= new List<int> {97, 72, 81, 60}},
new Student {First="Claire", Last="O'Donnell", ID=112, Scores= new List<int> {75, 84, 91, 39}},
new Student {First="Sven", Last="Mortensen", ID=113, Scores= new List<int> {99, 89, 91, 95}},
new Student {First="Cesar", Last="Garcia", ID=114, Scores= new List<int> {72, 81, 65, 84}},
new Student {First="Debra", Last="Garcia", ID=115, Scores= new List<int> {97, 89, 85, 82}}
};
return students;
}
// This method groups students into percentile ranges based on their
// grade average. The Average method returns a double, so to produce a whole
// number it is necessary to cast to int before dividing by 10.
static void Main()
{
// Obtain the data source.
List<Student> students = GetStudents();
// Write the query.
var studentQuery =
from student in students
let avg = (int)student.Scores.Average()
group student by (avg == 0 ? 0 : avg / 10) into g
orderby g.Key
select g;
// Execute the query.
foreach (var studentGroup in studentQuery)
{
int temp = studentGroup.Key * 10;
Console.WriteLine("Students with an average between {0} and {1}", temp, temp + 10);
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}, {1}:{2}", student.Last, student.First, student.Scores.Average());
}
}
// Keep the console window open in debug mode.
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
/* Output:
Students with an average between 70 and 80
Omelchenko, Svetlana:77.5
O'Donnell, Claire:72.25
Garcia, Cesar:75.5
Students with an average between 80 and 90
Garcia, Debra:88.25
Students with an average between 90 and 100
Mortensen, Sven:93.5
*/
按復(fù)合鍵進(jìn)行分組
當(dāng)您想要按照多個(gè)鍵對(duì)元素進(jìn)行分組時(shí)，可使用復(fù)合鍵。通過(guò)使用匿名類型或命名類型來(lái)存儲(chǔ)鍵元素，可以創(chuàng)建復(fù)合鍵。在下面的示例中，假定已經(jīng)使用名為 surname 和 city 的兩個(gè)成員聲明了類 Person。group 子句使得為每組具有相同姓氏和相同城市的人員創(chuàng)建一個(gè)單獨(dú)的組。
復(fù)制代碼
group person by new {name = person.surname, city = person.city};
如果必須將查詢變量傳遞給其他方法，請(qǐng)使用命名類型。使用自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的屬性作為鍵來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)特殊類，然后重寫 Equals 和 GetHashCode 方法。還可以使用結(jié)構(gòu)；在此情況下，并不絕對(duì)需要重寫這些方法。有關(guān)更多信息，請(qǐng)參見如何：使用自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的屬性實(shí)現(xiàn)輕量類（C# 編程指南）和如何：在目錄樹中查詢重復(fù)文件 (LINQ)。后一個(gè)主題包含一個(gè)代碼示例，該示例演示如何將復(fù)合鍵與命名類型結(jié)合使用。
示例
下面的示例演示在沒(méi)有向組應(yīng)用附加查詢邏輯時(shí)將源數(shù)據(jù)排序放入不同組中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式。這稱為不帶延續(xù)的分組。字符串?dāng)?shù)組中的元素按照它們的第一個(gè)字母進(jìn)行分組。查詢結(jié)果是一個(gè) IGrouping<(Of <(TKey, TElement>)>) 類型，其中包含一個(gè) char 類型的公共 Key 屬性以及一個(gè)包含分組中每個(gè)項(xiàng)的 IEnumerable<(Of <(T>)>) 集合。
group 子句的結(jié)果是序列的序列。因此，若要訪問(wèn)所返回的每個(gè)組中的單個(gè)元素，請(qǐng)?jiān)谘h(huán)訪問(wèn)組鍵的循環(huán)內(nèi)使用嵌套的 foreach 循環(huán)，如下面的示例所示。
C#
class GroupExample1
{
static void Main()
{
// Create a data source.
string[] words = { "blueberry", "chimpanzee", "abacus", "banana", "apple", "cheese" };
// Create the query.
var wordGroups =
from w in words
group w by w[0];
// Execute the query.
foreach (var wordGroup in wordGroups)
{
Console.WriteLine("Words that start with the letter '{0}':", wordGroup.Key);
foreach (var word in wordGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(word);
}
}
// Keep the console window open in debug mode
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
/* Output:
Words that start with the letter 'b':
blueberry
banana
Words that start with the letter 'c':
chimpanzee
cheese
Words that start with the letter 'a':
abacus
apple
*/
此示例演示在創(chuàng)建組之后，如何使用通過(guò) into 實(shí)現(xiàn)的延續(xù)對(duì)這些組執(zhí)行附加邏輯。有關(guān)更多信息，請(qǐng)參見 into（C# 參考）。下面的示例查詢每個(gè)組以僅選擇那些鍵值為元音的元素。
C#
class GroupClauseExample2
{
static void Main()
{
// Create the data source.
string[] words2 = { "blueberry", "chimpanzee", "abacus", "banana", "apple", "cheese", "elephant", "umbrella", "anteater" };
// Create the query.
var wordGroups2 =
from w in words2
group w by w[0] into grps
where (grps.Key == 'a' || grps.Key == 'e' || grps.Key == 'i'
|| grps.Key == 'o' || grps.Key == 'u')
select grps;
// Execute the query.
foreach (var wordGroup in wordGroups2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Groups that start with a vowel: {0}", wordGroup.Key);
foreach (var word in wordGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}", word);
}
}
// Keep the console window open in debug mode
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
/* Output:
Groups that start with a vowel: a
abacus
apple
anteater
Groups that start with a vowel: e
elephant
Groups that start with a vowel: u
umbrella
*/
備注
編譯時(shí)，group 子句被轉(zhuǎn)換為對(duì) GroupBy 方法的調(diào)用。
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