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2016年6月大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀選詞填空模擬試題及答案
以下是小編整理的2016年6月大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀選詞填空的模擬試題，還有詳細(xì)的答案解析，同學(xué)們一定要加強(qiáng)練習(xí)，總結(jié)適合自己的解題方法。
2016年6月大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀選詞填空模擬試題(一)
Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D) on the right side of the paper.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
In recent years, more and more foreigners are involved in the teaching programs of the United States. Both the advantages and the disadvantages67 using foreign faculty(教師總稱)68 teaching positions have to be69 , of course. It can be said that the foreign70 that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also71 problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual. The foreign research scholar usually isolates72 in the laboratory as a means of protection;73 , what he needs is to be fitted 74 a highly organized university system quite different from75 at home. He is faced in his daily work76 differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching. Both the visiting professor and his students77 a common ground in each other’s cultures, some78 of what is already in the minds of American students is79 for the foreign professor.While helping him to80 himself to his new environment, the university must also81 certain adjustments in order to82 full advantage of what the newcomer can83 . It isn’t always known how to make84 use of foreign faculty, especially at smaller colleges. This is thought to be a85 where further study is called86 . The findings of such a study will be of value to colleges and universities with foreign faculty.
67. A) with B) for C) of D) at
68. A) in B) on C) for D) within
69. A) thought B) measured C) balanced D) considered
70. A) situation B) circumstances C) background D) condition
71. A) carries B) create C) emerges D) solves
72. A) himself B) oneself C) him D) one
73. A) otherwiseB) moreover C) however D) whatever
74. A) into B) by C) to D) with
75. A) those B) which C) what D) that
76. A) toward B) with C) to D) at
77. A) have B) possess C) need D) lack
78. A) concept B) feeling C) plan D) intelligence
79. A) ordered B) asked C) put D) required
80. A) place B) adapt C) put D) direct
81. A) remain B) keep C) make D) cause
82. A) take B) make C) do D) be
83. A) show B) afford C) express D) offer
84. A) powerful B) creative C) imaginary D) advanced
85. A) scope B) range C) field D) district
86. A) on B) for C) upon D) at
67. C本題考查搭配關(guān)系。本句句意為:當(dāng)然，在教學(xué)崗位上應(yīng)考慮聘用外籍教師的利與弊。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選介詞of。
68. A本題考查介詞用法。根據(jù)上題譯文，介詞in符合題意及英語習(xí)慣表達(dá)，故正確。其他選項均不符合英語習(xí)慣表達(dá)。
69. D本題考查動詞辨析。thought 意為 “認(rèn)為”，measured 意為“測量”，balanced意為“平衡”，considered 意為“考慮”。D符合題意，故正確。
70. C本題考查名詞辨析。situation 意為“形勢，情況”;circumstance 意為“情況”;background 意為“背景”;condition 意為“條件”。本句句意為:對于大學(xué)和個人，被當(dāng)作寶的外籍背景也對個人及學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生了適應(yīng)方面的問題。據(jù)此，只有C選項符合題意，故正確。
71. B本題考查動詞辨析。emerge意為“出現(xiàn)”，是不及物動詞，可排除;carries意為“攜帶”;creates意為“創(chuàng)造、產(chǎn)生”;solves意為“解決”;B符合題意，故正確。
72. A本題考查代詞用法。本句句意為:“外來從事研究的學(xué)者通常呆在實(shí)驗室以保護(hù)自己。”isolate oneself somewhere 為習(xí)慣用法，意為:把某人隔離在某地。此外空格應(yīng)指主語 the foreign research scholar, 所以應(yīng)用 himself 指代;由此確定A為正確答案。
73. C本題考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)上下文，逗號后所述內(nèi)容與前文內(nèi)容正好相反，所以此處應(yīng)選表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義的詞，顯然C正確。選項B和D都表示遞進(jìn)，而A選項意為“否則”，不符合上下文邏輯關(guān)系。
74. C本題考查搭配關(guān)系。根據(jù)fit 動詞不與by 連用，可排除選項B;而fit 與into或with連用為“適合，符合”之義，兩選項均與句意不合。本句句意為:但他所需要的是適應(yīng)組織嚴(yán)密的大學(xué)體制。據(jù)此，只有C符合題意，故正確。be fitted to意為“使適應(yīng)”。
75. D本題考查代詞用法。本句空格本為 the system,為避免重復(fù)，一般用that 來替代，所以D正確。
76. B本題考查搭配關(guān)系。 be faced with 為固定搭配，意為“面對，面臨”，所以B正確。其余選項均搭配錯誤。
77. D本題考查動詞辨析。上句句意為:外籍教師面臨人生觀、課程安排及教學(xué)方法等方面的差異。因而本句應(yīng)在意義上與上下文保持一致，lack 意為“缺乏”，符合題意要求，故為正確答案。而have (有)、possess(擁有)和need(需要)均不合題意。
78. A本題考查名詞辨析。concept意為“概念、觀念”，feeling意為“情感、感覺”，plan意為“計劃”，intelligence意為“智力、腦力”。本句句意為:外籍教授要求有本已在美國學(xué)生頭腦中就有的觀念。顯然A選項吻合句意，故正確。
79. D本題考查動詞辨析。ordered 為“命令、定購”之義;asked 為“詢問，請求”之義;insisted 為“堅持”之義。根據(jù)句意，顯然選項D正確。
80. B本題考查搭配關(guān)系。adapt oneself to 意為“使適應(yīng)于”，其余選項均無此搭配關(guān)系，所以B正確。
81. C本題考查搭配關(guān)系。adjustments 為空格所填動詞的賓語，其搭配動詞應(yīng)用make, 所以C正確。
82. A本題考查習(xí)慣用法。take advantage of 為固定用法，其意為“利用”，吻合題意，故正確。
83. D本題考查動詞辨析。show意為“顯現(xiàn)、表明”;afford意為“擔(dān)負(fù)得起(費(fèi)用、損失等)”;express意為“表達(dá)、表示”;offer意為“提供，給予”。本句句義為:大學(xué)也必須作一些調(diào)整，以充分利用外籍教師。選項D與題意吻合，故正確。
84. B本題考查形容詞辨析。powerful 意為“強(qiáng)有力的”，creative 意為“有創(chuàng)造力的”，imaginary 意為“虛構(gòu)的、幻想的”，advanced意為“先進(jìn)的、高級的”。本句句意為:人們還不知道如何創(chuàng)造性地利用外籍教師。很顯然選擇B符合題意，故正確。
85. C本題考查名詞辨析。scope意為“范圍”，range意為“變動范圍、視覺范圍”，field意為“領(lǐng)域”，district意為“行政區(qū)域”。根據(jù)句意，此處應(yīng)為其研究領(lǐng)域之義，因而選項C正確。
86. B本題考查短語動詞辨析。called on 與called upon 意義等同，A、C均可排除;called at意為“在某處拜訪某人”，與題意不合，也可排除;只有called for (需要)符合題意，故正確。
2016年6月大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀選詞填空模擬試題(二)
Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)
Directions:In this part,you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7,mark
Y (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with information given in the passage.
Computer Crime
A computer crime is generally defined as one that involves the use of computers and software for illegal purposes. This doesn’t mean that all the crimes are new types of crime. On the contrary, many of these crimes, such as embezzlement of funds, the alteration of records, theft, vandalism, sabotage, and terrorism, can be committed without a computer. But with a computer, these offenses can be carried out more quickly and with less chance that the person responsible for the crime will be discovered.
Computer crimes are on the rise and have been for the last twelve years. Just how much these computer crimes cost the American public is in dispute, but estimates range from ?$3 billion to ?$5 billion annually. Even the FBI, which attempts to keep track of the growth or decline of all kinds of crimes, is unable to say precisely how large a loss is involved; however, it estimates that the average take from a company hit by computer crime is ?$600,000. A number of reasons are given for the increase in computer crime: (A) more computers in use and, thus, more people who are familiar with basic computer operation; (B) more computers tied together in satellite and other data—transmission networks; and (C) the easy access of microcomputers to huge mainframe data bases.
The Criminal
Movies and newspaper stories might lead us to believe that most computer crimes are committed by teenage “hackers”—brilliant and basically good children who let their imagination and technical genius get them into trouble. But a realistic look at the crimes reveals that the offender is likely to be an employee of the firm against which the crime has been committed, i.e., an “insider”.
Difficulty of Detection and Prevention
Given the kind of person who commits a computer crime and the environment in which the crime occurs, it is often difficult to detect who the criminal is. First of all, the crime may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone discovers it.
Second, once the crime has been revealed, it is not easy to find a clear trail of evidence that leads back to the guilty party. After all, looking for “weapons” or fingerprints does not occur as it might in the investigation of more conventional crimes.
Third, there are usually no witnesses to the computer crime, even though it may be taking place in a room filled with people. Who is to say if the person at the next terminal, calmly keying in data, is doing the company’s work or committing a criminal act?
Fourth, not enough people in management and law enforcement know enough about computer technology to prevent the crimes. Authorities have to be familiar with the computer’s capabilities within a given situation to guard against its misuses. In some large cities, such as Los Angeles, police departments have set up specially trained computer crime units.
But even when an offender is caught, the investigators, attorneys (律師), judges, or juries may find the alleged crime too complicated and perplexing to handle. More attorneys are specializing in computer law and studying the computer’s potential for misuse.
After a computer crime has been discovered, many companies do not report it or prosecute (起訴) the person responsible. A company may not announce the crime out of fear that the pubic will find out the weaknesses of its computer system and lose confidence in its organization. Banks, credit card companies, and investment firms are especially sensitive about revealing their vulnerabilities (脆弱性) because they rely heavily on customer trust.
To avoid public attention, cautious companies will often settle cases of computer tampering out of court. And if cases do go to trial and the offenders are convicted, they may be punished only by a fine or light sentence because the judge or jury isn’t fully trained to understand the nature and seriousness of the crime.
Not all companies are timid in apprehending computer criminals. For example, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company decided it had to get tough on violators. So when the company discovered that one of its computer technicians had embezzled ?$200,000 by entering false benefit claims, it presented it findings to the state’s attorney and aided in the prosecution of the technician. The technician was found guilty and sentenced to prison, not just for the computer misuse, but also for grand theft and insurance fraud. Connecticut General now has a policy of reporting all incidents of theft or fraud, no matter how small.
提示:在實(shí)考試卷中，8-10題在答題卡1上。
1. The FBI knows exactly how large a loss is involved in computer crimes.
2. It has become easy for microcomputer owners to use huge mainframe data bases.
3. It is implied in the Paragraph 3 that most computer criminals are the employees of the concerned companies.
4. Many companies don?t report computer crimes because law procedures against computer crimes usually cost a lot of money.
5. When computer crime takes place in a room filled with people, there are usually many witnesses to the crime.
6. The passage is mainly about the increase of computer crimes in America and the difficulties in combating computer crimes.
7. Computer crimes are on the rise because more cheap microcomputers are available.
8. According to the passage, computer crimes has been on the rise for the
last years.
9. Connecticut General Life Insurance company is cited as of companies that took serious measures to fight against computer crimes.
10. Banks, credit card companies, and investment firms are especially sensitive about revealing their vulnerabilities because they place too much reliance on .
參考答案：
1. N.該句句意為:美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局確切知道計算機(jī)犯罪造成了多大損失。本題解題依據(jù)為本文第二段 “Even the FBI,which attempts…is involved”，該句大意為:盡管FBI致力于對各種犯罪的上升和下降有清晰認(rèn)識，但并不能精確說明損失多大，所以與原文之意不合。
2. Y. 該句句意為:計算機(jī)擁有者很容易利用大量計算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫，本題解題依據(jù)為第二段最后一段話“…the easy access of microcomputers to huge mainframe data bases.”與原文之義吻合。
3. Y. 該句句意為: 本文第三段暗示大多數(shù)利用計算機(jī)犯罪者是相關(guān)公司雇員。本題解題依據(jù)為文章第三段最后一句話，其大意為: 現(xiàn)實(shí)情況表明很可能是該公司雇員內(nèi)部人…,與原文所述之義吻合。
4. N. 該句句意為: 許多公司不舉報計算機(jī)犯罪是因為法律訴訟通�；ㄙM(fèi)很多錢。解題依據(jù)為本文第九段第一和第二句話，他們不舉報是害怕公眾發(fā)現(xiàn)其計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的弱點(diǎn)而對其喪失信心。據(jù)此可確定與原文所述不符。
5. N. 該句句意為: 當(dāng)計算機(jī)犯罪在滿是人的房間里發(fā)生時，通常有很多證人指證犯罪。本題解題依據(jù)為本文第六段第一句話，該句大意為:即使計算機(jī)犯罪發(fā)生在滿是人的房間里，通常也無證人。據(jù)此可知該句所述之義與原文不符。
6. Y. 該句句意為:本篇文章主要是關(guān)于計算機(jī)犯罪的增長及與之作斗爭的困難性，通覽全文，尤其根據(jù)小標(biāo)題的提示,我們不難看出文章主要論述了計算機(jī)犯罪與日俱增及難于發(fā)覺和阻止諸方面的原因，即文章的中心思想，與原文所述主旨吻合。
7. NG.該句句意為:計算機(jī)犯罪上升是因為有更多便宜的計算機(jī)。本文第二段用a，b，c列出了計算機(jī)犯罪增加的三大原因，其中并未提及計算機(jī)便宜這一點(diǎn)。
8. twelve 答案依據(jù)為第二段第一句話。
9. an example “…be cited as an example”,表示“引用…來作為一個例證”答案依據(jù)為文章最后一段第二句話。但原文沒有直接照抄的語言，只能根據(jù)理解完成此空。
10. customer trust 答案依據(jù)為本文第九段最后一句話。
2016年6月大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀選詞填空模擬試題(三)
Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
What is it about Americans and food? We love to eat, but we feel
47 about it afterward. We say we want only the best, but we strangely enjoy junk food. We’re48 with health and weight loss but face an unprecedented epidemic of obesity(肥胖). Perhaps the49 to this ambivalence(矛盾情結(jié)) lies in our history. The first Europeans came to this continent searching for new spices but went in vain. The first cash crop(經(jīng)濟(jì)作物) wasn’t eaten but smoked. Then there was Prohibition, intended to prohibit drinking but actually encouraging more50 ways of doing it.
The immigrant experience, too, has been one of inharmony. Do as Romans do means eating what “real Americans” eat, but our nation’s food has come to be
51 by imports—pizza, say, or hot dogs. And some of the country’s most treasured cooking comes from people who arrived here in shackles.
Perhaps it should come as no surprise then that food has been a medium for the nation’s defining struggles, whether at the Boston Tea Party or the sit?ins at southern lunch counters. It is integral to our concepts of health and even morality whether one refrains from alcohol for religious reasons or evades meat for political52 .
But strong opinions have not brought53 . Americans are ambivalent about what they put in their mouths. We have become54 of our foods, especially as we learn more about what they contain.
The55 in food is still prosperous in the American consciousness. It’s no coincidence, then, that the first Thanksgiving holds the American imagination in such bondage(束縛). It’s what we eat—and how we56 it with friends, family, and strangers—that help define America as a community today.
|
A. answerB. resultC. shareD. guiltyE. constant F. definedG. vanishH. adaptedI. creativeJ. belief K. suspiciousL. certaintyM. obsessedN. identifyO. ideals |
Section B
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D) .You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and relative sense: the surface of the Earth is finite, imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different uses. Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.
The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up some of society’s available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the wants of the community, this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account.
In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of these inputs, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhere—if the leather can be used to produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers, the prices of leather will be bid up correspondingly.
57. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A) The scarcity of manufactured goods.
B) The value of scarce materials.
C) The manufacturing of scarce goods.
D) The cost of producing shoes.
58. According to the passage, what are the opportunity costs of an item?
A) The amount of time and money spent in producing it.
B) The opportunities a person has to buy it.
C) The value of what could have been produced instead.
D) The value of the resources used in its production.
59. According to the passage, what is the relationship between production and resources?
A) Available resources stimulate production.
B) Resources are totally independent of production.
C) Production increases as resources increase.
D) Production lessens the amount of available resources.
60. What determines the price of a good in a market economy?
A) The cost of all elements in production.B) The cost of not making other goods.
C) The efficiency of the manufacturing process.D) The quantity of materials supplied.
61. Which of the following examples BEST reflects a cost to society as defined in the passage?
A) A family buying a dog.
B) Eating in a restaurant instead of at home.
C) Using land for a house instead of a park.
D) Staying at home instead of going to school.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well?beings of a social group?s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit(阻礙) attainment of the group?s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
62. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A) The problems faced by leaders.
B) How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C) How social groups determine who will lead them.
D) The role of leaders in social groups.
63. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT .
A) recruitment
B) formal election process
C) specific leadership training
D) traditional cultural patterns
64. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A) person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
65. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that .
A) few people qualify as “natural leaders”
B) there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
C) “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group
D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
66. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on .
A) ensuring harmonious relationships
B) sharing responsibility with group members
C) identifying new leaders
D) achieving a goal
47. Dfeel是一個系動詞，可以判斷此處應(yīng)填入一個形容詞，通過上下文意思，以及后面介詞about, 可以確定選項為D項guilty, 短語feel guilty about sth. “對…感到有愧”。全句的意思為“我們很愛吃，但是往往在吃完之后又有負(fù)罪感”。
48. Mbe obsessed with 為固定搭配，原意為“被…附上/纏住/迷住心竅”，放在本句表示“十分重視”。全句的意思為“我們很關(guān)心健康和減肥，但肥胖卻又空前地在蔓延”。
49. A本句缺一個名詞作主語，并且根據(jù)和介詞to的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項answer。
50. I 本句根據(jù)more和ways可以判斷出需要填入一個形容詞構(gòu)成比較級，根據(jù)上下文，表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令，卻激發(fā)了更多新奇的方法來酗酒”，可以確定I為正確選項。
51. F本題較難。根據(jù)be 和by 確定應(yīng)填入一個過去分詞。再根據(jù)上下文，上文表示“應(yīng)該吃典型的美國人吃的食物”，下文通過 but 轉(zhuǎn)折，表示實(shí)際上“美國的食物已經(jīng)被諸如比薩和熱狗這樣的舶來品所詮釋了”，因此可以確定F為正確選項。
53. L由于橫線后面沒有賓語，可以確定不是形成bring的短語，這樣本句所缺的為一名詞，做bring的賓語。根據(jù)下文解釋，“美國人對他們所吃的食物的態(tài)度是矛盾的”，可以推出本句意義為“堅定的觀點(diǎn)也不是確定不變的”。因此可以確定L為正確選項。
54. K系動詞become后應(yīng)填入一個形容詞，和后面介詞of形成短語be/become suspicious of “對…感到懷疑”。
55. J本句缺一個名詞作主語，并且根據(jù)和介詞in的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項belief，“(have)belief in sth.” 相信…。
56. C本句是一般現(xiàn)在時，缺一個動詞，且和with 搭配，確定選項share,“share sth with sb, 與某人分享某事”。
Section B
57. B主旨題。本文三段內(nèi)容均圍繞短缺原料的價值進(jìn)行說明。文章第一段說明了什么叫原料相對短缺，第二段說明了什么叫機(jī)會成本，第三段說明了原料的價格是由什么決定的。
58. C細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。第二段中“Every act of production uses up some of society?s available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.”說明機(jī)會成本是用可生產(chǎn)的其他商品來衡量的，選項C正好符合該意思。
59. D細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。第一段“Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.”說明社會總資源是有限的，用掉其中一些就會使總量減少并限制其他商品的生產(chǎn)。
60. A細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。文章第三段“In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depends on the cost of making it”(市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，商品的價格和產(chǎn)量取決于其成本),然后又說 “The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them.”以鞋子為例說明商品價格是由生產(chǎn)要求決定的。
61. C推斷題。文主要闡述了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)里面的一個重要概念——“機(jī)會成本”，是講商品生產(chǎn)和社會資源之間的關(guān)系。A、B、D均未涉及到生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，只有C符合本文的主旨。
62. D主旨題。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。所以D為正確答案。A、B、C選項都不能正確概括本文主旨。
63. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。A選項的招募(recruitment)和B選項選舉程序(election process)都在第一段中作為大群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者產(chǎn)生的方式被明確提到。D選項也在第一段中作為家庭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的產(chǎn)生的方式被明確提到。只有C選項沒有作為產(chǎn)生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的一種方式在本文中被提及。
64. A推論題。A選項意思是:某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。這正好與第二段的意思相吻合，即領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個固定的特點(diǎn)，只是符合了一個特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(It seems…virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group)。B選項和C選項的意思與本文無關(guān)。D選項意為:許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來證明他們具有這樣的資格。顯然是對文章意思的曲解。
65. B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段中“…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of ‘natural leaders’”意思是說數(shù)十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來證明那些人可以成為“天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”，與B項意思一致。
66. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第三、四段主要講了兩種類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的區(qū)別。其中instrumental leader側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而expressive leader相對于前者并不側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持，并盡力減少內(nèi)部紛爭。(Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.)
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