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5月CATTI二級筆譯練習題(英譯漢部分)
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5月CATTI二級筆譯練習題(英譯漢部分) 1
英譯漢部分
Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall. So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.” “The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.
原文：
Holding Back the Sahara
Senegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off the Desert
By DIANA S. POWERSNOV. 18, 2014
Continue reading the main story Share This Page
Women working in a drip-irrigated garden in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit UMI 3189
WIDOU THIENGOLY, Senegal — Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky.
Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.
“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.
First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert.
While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
Photo
A tree nursery for the Great Green Wall in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit Arnaud Spani
“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology.
“In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said.
Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
Newly planted trees are protected from hungry animals by fencing for six years — time for their roots to reach down to groundwater and their branches to grow higher than the animals can reach. Unplanted strips protect the parcels from forest fire and provide passageways for herders’ livestock.
In especially harsh years, when there is nothing left for herds to eat and too many animals starve, the protected parcels are opened up as an emergency forage bank, a flexibility that has won local acceptance of the project.
Six indigenous tree species were chosen by local people and the scientists for their hardiness and their economic uses. Among them, Acacia Senegal can be tapped for its gum arabic, a stabilizer and emulsifying agent, widely used in soft drinks, confectionery, paints and other products. The desert date, Balanites Aegyptiacus, is used for food, forage, cooking oil, folk medicine and in cosmetics. Many of the uses of these plants are still being explored by researchers.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall.
So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.
“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”
“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added.
Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.
Widou has one of the pumping stations, serving nomads and herders who bring as many 25,000 animals a day — cattle, goats, donkeys and horses — from more than 10 miles around to drink at the basin. A drip-irrigated garden covering 7.5 hectares, or nearly 20 acres, is supplied with seeds by Colonel Sarr’s agency. About 250 women spend a half a day each tending the garden and learning about horticulture. They grow onions, carrots, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, lettuce, tamarind, guava, watermelon and many other fruits and vegetables, taking the produce home to enrich their families’ traditional diet of milk and millet.
Colonel Sarr said he was looking forward to trying one of the first mangos from young trees in the garden.
“In another garden, 30 kilometers away, the first honey will be gathered next year,” he said. “This is just the beginning,” he added. “The gardens could cover 50 hectares in the future.
漢譯英部分(摘自《中國的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)白皮書》)
健康是促進人的全面發(fā)展的.必然要求。提高人民健康水平，實現(xiàn)病有所醫(yī)的理想，是人類社會的共同追求。在中國這個有著13億多人口的發(fā)展中大國，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生關系億萬人民健康，是一個重大民生問題。
中國高度重視保護和增進人民健康。憲法規(guī)定，國家發(fā)展醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥和傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥，保護人民健康。多年來，中國堅持“以農村為重點，預防為主，中西醫(yī)并重，依靠科技與教育，動員全社會參與，為人民健康服務，為社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設服務”的衛(wèi)生工作方針，努力發(fā)展具有中國特色的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)。經(jīng)過不懈努力，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務體系基本形成，疾病防治能力不斷增強，醫(yī)療保障覆蓋人口逐步擴大，衛(wèi)生科技水平日益提高，居民健康水平明顯改善。
隨著中國工業(yè)化、城市化進程和人口老齡化趨勢的加快，居民健康面臨著傳染病和慢性病的雙重威脅，公眾對醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務的需求日益提高。與此同時，中國衛(wèi)生資源特別是優(yōu)質資源短缺、分布不均衡的矛盾依然存在，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)改革與發(fā)展的任務十分艱巨。
5月CATTI二級筆譯練習題(英譯漢部分) 2
At 51, Cathy McDonnell wanted to put her Oxford physics degree and former experience crunching data at Qinetiq to better use. She had worked part-time in a school for several years while her three children were young, but she wanted to get back into the corporate world.
Several applications later, all for jobs in her former field of defence, she was getting nowhere. Then a friend told her about “returnships”, a form of later-life work experience that some companies are experimenting with to help older people — mainly women — return to work, often after breaks to care for families.
Cathy eventually secured a place on an 11-week “Career Returners” programme with O2, open to men and women, which included being buddied with a 20-year-old male student who was also with the company on work experience. He helped to acquaint her with new technology, such as using an iPhone and accessing the company’s virtual private network from her laptop so she could work from home but still access internal files.
“On the assessment day, I thought they must have been looking at my project management skills. But they weren’t looking at us for specific roles. They were just thinking, ‘These women have a lot to offer, let’s see what they can do.’ That was refreshing.”
In fact, by hiring female returnees, companies can access hard skills these women developed in their former high-level jobs — and for a discount. In return, employers coach older females back into working life.Through her returnship, Ms McDonnell gained a full-time role as an operations data consultant, handling projects within service management at O2.She still is earning less than she would like to. “But it’s a foot in the door and the salary is up for review in six months,” she says.
It is still overwhelmingly women who stay home to care for young families. UK government figures show that women account for around 90 per cent of people on extended career breaks for caring reasons.
A lack of middle-aged women working, particularly in highly skilled roles, is costing the UK economy 50bn a year, according to a report. The report found that men over 50 took home nearly two-thirds of the total wages paid out to everyone in that age range in 2015. It blamed the pay gap on the low-skilled, part-time roles older women often accept. Some 41 per cent of women in work in the UK do so part-time, as opposed to only 11 per cent of men.
A study last year by economists found “robust evidence of age discrimination in hiring against older women” in a range of white and blue-collar jobs. The data show that it is harder for older women to find jobs than it is for older men regardless of whether they have taken a break from working.
【漢譯英】（《網(wǎng)絡空間國際合作戰(zhàn)略》）：
現(xiàn)在，以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為代表的信息技術迅速發(fā)展，引領了生產新變革，創(chuàng)造了人類生活新空間，拓展了國家治理新領域。中國大力實施網(wǎng)絡強國戰(zhàn)略、國家信息化戰(zhàn)略、國家大數(shù)據(jù)戰(zhàn)略、“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”行動計劃。中國大力發(fā)展電子商務，推動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和實體經(jīng)濟深度融合發(fā)展，改善資源配置。這些措施為推動創(chuàng)新發(fā)展、轉變經(jīng)濟增長方式、調整經(jīng)濟結構發(fā)揮積極作用。
中國歡迎公平、開放、競爭的市場，在自身發(fā)展的同時，致力于推動全球數(shù)字經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。中國主張自由貿易，反對貿易壁壘和貿易保護主義。我們希望建立開放、安全的'數(shù)字經(jīng)濟環(huán)境，確�；ヂ�(lián)網(wǎng)為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新服務。我們主張互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入應公平、普遍。中國愿加強同其他國家和地區(qū)在網(wǎng)絡安全和信息技術方面的交流與合作。我們應共同推進互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術的發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新，確保所有人都能平等分享數(shù)字紅利，實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡空間的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
5月CATTI二級筆譯練習題(英譯漢部分) 3
In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases were found. Scientists believe that It was caused by a previously unknown virus- Now named COVID-19.
Coronaviruses have the appearance of a crown. Crown in Latin is called "corona" and thats how these viruses got their name. There are different types of coronaviruses that cause respiratory and sometimes gastrointestinal of symptoms.
Its known that coronaviruses circulate in a range of animals. But the animals which transmit COVID-19 are not known yet. And the exact dynamics of how the virus is transmitted is yet to be determined.
From what is known so far, there can be a number of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. There can be fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, theres been pneumonia, kidney failure and death. There is currently no specific medication for the virus and treatment is supportive care. There is currently no vaccine to protect against the virus. Treatment and vaccines are in development.
Nevertheless, we are committed to combatting the COVID-19 epidemic. Its certainly troubling that so many people and countries have been affected, so quickly. Now that the virus has a foothold in so many countries, the threat of a pandemic has become very real. But it would be the first pandemic in history that could be controlled. The bottom line is: we are not at the mercy of this virus.
The great advantage we have is that the decisions we all make-as governments, businesses, communities, families and individuals can influence the trajectory of the epidemic. We need to remember that with decisive, early action, we can slow down the virus and prevent infections. Among those who are infected, most will recover.
Its also important to remember that looking only at the total number of reported cases and the total number of countries doesnt tell the full story. This is an uneven epidemic at the global level. Different countries are in different scenarios, requiring a tailored response. Its not about containment or mitigation. Its about both.
All countries must take a comprehensive blended strategy for controlling their epidemics and pushing this deadly virus back. Countries that continue finding and testing cases and tracing their contacts not only protect their own people, they can also affect what happens in other countries and globally. The WHO has consolidated its guidance for countries in four categories: those with no case; those with sporadic cases; those with clusters; and those with community transmission. For all countries, the aim is the same: stop transmission and prevent the spread of the virus.
For the first three categories, countries must focus on finding, testing, treating and isolating individual cases and following their contacts. In areas with community spread, testing every suspected case and tracing their contacts become more challenging. Action must be taken to prevent transmission at the community level to reduce the epidemic to manageable clusters.
【漢譯英】
水稻是世界上最主要的糧食作物之一，世界上一半以上人口（包括中國 60%以上人口）都以稻米作為主食。中國是世界上最早種植水稻的國家，至今已有 7000 年左右的歷史，當前水稻產量占全國糧食作物產量近一半。水稻作為主要的糧食，無論對中國還是對世界的`重要性都是不言而喻的。中國在超級雜交水稻（super hybrid rice）生產方面成就突出，關鍵人物便是袁隆平。被譽為“中國雜交水稻之父”。他的名字不僅在中國家喻戶曉，在國際上也享有盛譽。袁隆平于上世紀 60 年代開始雜交水稻研究。他帶領科研團隊使中國雜交水稻一直領先于世界水平，不僅不斷實現(xiàn)雜交水稻的高產量目標，而且在生產實踐中不斷推廣應用，從實際上解決了中國人吃飯難的問題。袁隆平還多次到美國、印度等國家傳授技術，為 30 多個國家和地區(qū)的政府官員和科研工作者講學，促進雜交水稻技術造福世界。
1987 年 11 月 3 日，聯(lián)合國教科文組織在巴黎總部向袁隆平頒發(fā)科學獎，認為他的科研成果是“第二次綠色革命”。2004年，袁隆平獲得世界糧食獎（the World Food Prize），表彰他為人類提供營養(yǎng)豐富、數(shù)量充足的糧食所做出的突出貢獻。
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