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公共英語五級(jí)文章《兒童的數(shù)學(xué)能力》
對(duì)于數(shù)學(xué)，孩童的計(jì)算能力似乎比大人更高，也更容易接受數(shù)學(xué)教育。為什么呢?下面，一起閱讀這篇公共英語五級(jí)文章《兒童的數(shù)學(xué)能力》。
Children's Numerical Skills
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy—— one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped —— or, as the case might be, bumped into —— concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers - the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table - is itself far from innate.
兒童的數(shù)學(xué)能力
人似乎生來就會(huì)計(jì)算。孩子們使用數(shù)字的技能發(fā)展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易讓人想象有一個(gè)內(nèi)在的精確而成熟的數(shù)字鐘在指導(dǎo)他們的成長(zhǎng)。孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)會(huì)走路和說話后不久，就能以令人驚嘆的準(zhǔn)確布置桌子——五把椅子前面分別擺上一把刀、一個(gè)湯匙、一把叉子。很快地，他們就能知道他們已在桌面上擺放了五把刀、五個(gè)湯匙、五把叉子。沒有多久，他們就又能知道這些東西加起來總共是15 把銀餐具。如此這般地掌握了加法之后，他們又轉(zhuǎn)向減法。有一種設(shè)想幾乎順理成章，那就是，即使一個(gè)孩子一出生就被隔絕到荒島上，七年后返回世間，也能直接上小學(xué)二年級(jí)的數(shù)學(xué)課，而不會(huì)碰到任何智力調(diào)整方面的麻煩。
當(dāng)然，事實(shí)并沒有這么簡(jiǎn)單。本世紀(jì)認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家的工作已經(jīng)揭示了智力發(fā)展所依賴的日常學(xué)習(xí)的微妙形式。他們觀察到孩子們緩慢掌握那些成年人認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的概念的過程，或者是孩子們偶然遇到這些概念的過程。他們也觀察到孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)某些常識(shí)的情況。比如：孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)當(dāng)水從短而粗的瓶中倒入細(xì)而長(zhǎng)的瓶子中時(shí)，水的數(shù)量沒有 變化。心理學(xué)家們而后又展示一個(gè)例子，即：讓孩子們數(shù)一堆鉛筆時(shí)，他們能順利地報(bào)出 藍(lán)鉛筆或紅鉛筆的數(shù)目，但卻需誘導(dǎo)才能報(bào)出總的數(shù)目。此類研究表明：數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是經(jīng)過 逐漸努力后掌握的。 他們還表示抽象的數(shù)字概念，如可表示任何一類物品并且是在做比擺桌子有更高數(shù)學(xué)要求的任何事時(shí)都必備的一、二、三意識(shí)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是天生就具備的。
附：公共英語五級(jí)閱讀技巧之自己學(xué)寫長(zhǎng)句，克服長(zhǎng)難句障礙
幾乎每一篇閱讀，總有一兩句長(zhǎng)難句。有許多同學(xué)這樣分析那樣分析，可就分析不出什么名堂。聽力好的同學(xué)不一定發(fā)音好，可發(fā)音好的同學(xué)一定聽力好。同樣，能寫出長(zhǎng)難句的人當(dāng)然不會(huì)怕什么長(zhǎng)難句。
同學(xué)們應(yīng)當(dāng)做的是找一本好的語法書，認(rèn)認(rèn)真真學(xué)習(xí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)那部分。英語的句子主干往往并不復(fù)雜，只是其粘著修飾成分過多。我們一開始應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會(huì)如何寫出簡(jiǎn)單的基本句型，然后再通過附加各種從句、插入語、非謂語形式，來逐步擴(kuò)充句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
分析長(zhǎng)難句與擴(kuò)充句子正好是反其道而行之，我們必須一步步“砍”去插入語、各種從句、非謂語形式，來獲得句子主干。所以只要“欲簡(jiǎn)之必先擴(kuò)之”，我們與其尋求各種長(zhǎng)難句分析法，不如先學(xué)會(huì)自己寫長(zhǎng)句。
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