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2016年商務(wù)英語BEC高級閱讀指導(dǎo)
BEC的高級證書，難度還是比較大的，它要求學(xué)員有比較好的英語水平，因?yàn)樗哪康男苑浅?qiáng)，適用范圍劃分十分明確。以下是yjbys網(wǎng)小編整理的關(guān)于商務(wù)英語BEC高級閱讀指導(dǎo)，供大家備考。
INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES and TERMS to DESCRIBE THEM國際公司和描述術(shù)語
Many of the terms in international business are confusing because writers, both in the popular media and in governmental ad academic reports, use them to define different things.
在國際業(yè)務(wù)中許多條款因?yàn)闀鴮懛绞蕉靵y，，無論是在大眾媒體和廣告的學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告還是政府，用它們來定義不同的事物。
There are numerous ways that companies may work together in international operations, such as through joint ventures, licensing, management contracts, minority ownership in each other`s company, or long-term contractual arrangements. An all-encompassing term to describe these operations is collaborative arrangements.
有許多方法，企業(yè)可以一起進(jìn)行國際業(yè)務(wù)，如通過合資，許可證，管理合同，對于少數(shù)的公司，可安排長期合同。一個(gè)包羅萬象的術(shù)語來描述這些行動就是安排合作。
Another term, strategic alliance, can sometimes mean the same things, but more narrowly – to indicate an agreement that is of critical importance to the competitive viability of one or more partners.
另一個(gè)專門名詞“戰(zhàn)略同盟”有時(shí)可指同一事件，但含義更為狹隘，它指一項(xiàng)對一個(gè)或更多經(jīng)營伙伴的競爭上的生命力極為重要的協(xié)議。
We shall use strategic alliance only in its narrower meaning.
更狹隘的意義是我們將使用較窄的戰(zhàn)略同盟。
The multinational enterprise ( MNE ) is a company that takes a global approach to foreign markets and production. It is willing to consider market and production locations anywhere in the world. The true MNE usually uses most of the modes discussed so far.
多國企業(yè)(跨國公司)公司是指全球性，可以對一個(gè)外國市場和生產(chǎn)。它原意考慮在世界市場和生產(chǎn)場所的任何地方。真正的跨國公司通常采用到目前為止討論的模式。
However, it can be difficult to determine whether a company takes this global approach, so narrower definitions of the term multinational enterprise have emerged. For example, some say a company, to qualify as an MNE, must have production facilities in some minimum number of countries or be of a certain size ( usually in terms of sales ). Under this definition, an MNE usually would have to be a giant company.
然而,很難決定公司采取這個(gè)全球性的定義,所以較窄的跨國企業(yè)的術(shù)語層出不窮。例如,一些人認(rèn)為一個(gè)公司,擁有跨國公司資格,必須在一些國家具有一定規(guī)模生產(chǎn)設(shè)施或最低數(shù)量(通常以銷售額計(jì)算)。在這個(gè)定義,一個(gè)跨國公司通常是指一個(gè)巨大規(guī)模的公司。
However, a small company also can take a global approach within its resource capabilities and might use most of the operating forms we have discussed; therefore, most writers today use the term to include any company that has operations in more than one country.
可是，一家小型公司也能在它的資源能力范圍內(nèi)采取一種全球性的方法，而且可能采用我們已經(jīng)論述的大多數(shù)經(jīng)營方式。因此，現(xiàn)今大多數(shù)作者所使用的這個(gè)專門名詞，都包括任何一家在超過一個(gè)國家中擁有經(jīng)營活動的公司。
The term multinational corporation ( MNC ) is also commonly used in the international business arena and often is a synonym for MNE. We prefer the MNE designation because there are many internationally involved companies, such as accounting partnerships, that are not organized as corporations. Another term sometimes used interchangeably with MNE, especially by the United Nations, is transnational company ( TNC ).
多國公司(跨國公司)一詞也常用在國際商業(yè)舞臺上，往往是跨國公司的代名詞。我們更喜歡跨國公司的指定，因?yàn)橛泻芏鄧H的公司，如合作伙伴關(guān)系，是不是公司組織的。另一個(gè)詞有時(shí)可以與跨國公司互換使用，尤其是由聯(lián)合國，是跨國公司(跨國公司)。
However, this term also has two other meanings. The first ( and earliest ) is a company owned and managed by nationals in different countries. For example, Royal Dutch Shell is a company whose owners and corporate management are split between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. However, this type of company is uncommon, so we don`t often use the term in this way. Today, the most common use of the term has come from writers on international business strategy.
然而，這個(gè)術(shù)語也有兩個(gè)其他的意義。第一個(gè)(最早)是一個(gè)擁有并在不同國家的國民托管公司。例如，荷蘭皇家殼牌公司，其業(yè)主和企業(yè)管理不和導(dǎo)致分成英國公司和荷蘭公司。然而，這種類型的公司并不常見，所以我們不經(jīng)常使用這種術(shù)語。今天，這個(gè)詞最常出現(xiàn)在國際化經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略中。
They use the term to maen an organization in which capabilities and contributions may differ by country but are developed and integrated into its worldwide operations.
他們使用這個(gè)專門名詞來說明，一家經(jīng)營機(jī)構(gòu)的能力和貢獻(xiàn)可能在不同國家之間有區(qū)別，但已發(fā)展和融入其全球性的經(jīng)營活動。
This type of organization learns from all its operating environments and uses that knowledge throughout its global operations.
這種組織學(xué)習(xí)的類型在其全球業(yè)務(wù)利用所有操作的環(huán)境和知識。Companies with international operations can be global or multidomestic. A global company, sometimes called a globally integrated company, integrates its operations that are located in different countries.
進(jìn)行國際業(yè)務(wù)的公司可以是跨全球或跨本國的。一個(gè)全球性公司，有時(shí)也被稱為全球性的綜合公司，它在不同的國家設(shè)有業(yè)務(wù)。For example, it might design a product or service with a global market segment in mind. Or it might depend on its operations in different countries to produce the components used in its products and services. In this type of company, the development of capabilities and the decisions to diffuse them globally are essentially made in the company`s home country.
例如，它可以設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)具有全球考慮市場的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)�；蛘撸赡苋Q于不同國家生產(chǎn)其產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)所使用的組件在其業(yè)務(wù)。在這個(gè)公司，基本上在該公司的總部運(yùn)用決策的能力和發(fā)展型向全球擴(kuò)散。
A multidomestic company, sometimes called a locally responsive company and sometimes a multinational company, allows each of its foreign-country operations to act fairly independently, such as by designing and producing a product or service in France for the French market and in Japan for the Japanese market.
一個(gè)跨本國公司,有時(shí)被稱為一種本地公司,有時(shí)一家跨國公司,允許它的各個(gè)外國公司操作的行為又相當(dāng)獨(dú)立,如如通過設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)在法國為了法國市場，在日本為了日本市場。
Thus a global company and a multidomestic company differ in the degree of integration among company operations in defferent countries. However, a company`s operations may be global, while its marketing is multidomestic.
因此，一個(gè)全球性公司和跨本國公司不同點(diǎn)在于公司之間的一體化程度不同模式下運(yùn)作。然而，公司的業(yè)務(wù)可能是全球性的，而它的營銷是國內(nèi)性的。
The TNC is like the global company in that it leverages the capabilities of both the home country and the foreign countries where it operates, but its main location of power within the organization may be geographically dispersed.
跨國公司和全球公司相似之處在于它們在其經(jīng)營所在的本國和外國舉債經(jīng)營潛力的開發(fā)，但它們的經(jīng)營機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)力量的主要所在地在地理位置上可能是分散的。
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