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2016年11月商務(wù)英語(yǔ)BEC高級(jí)閱讀備考素材
2016年下半年商務(wù)英語(yǔ)高級(jí)考試時(shí)間為2016年11月19日，大家準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?下面是yjbys網(wǎng)小編提供給大家關(guān)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)BEC高級(jí)閱讀備考素材，供大家閱讀參考。
The contributions of Trade to Development 貿(mào)易發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)
Even though international trade cannot in general be expected to be an “engine of growth” today , there are still many ways (besides the static gains from comparative advantage ) in which it can contribute to the economic development of today’s developing nations . One economist has pointed out the following important beneficial effects that international trade can have on economic development (1) Trade can lead to the full utilization of otherwise underemployed domestic resources. That is , through trade , a developing nation can move from an inefficient production point inside its production frontier , with unutilized resources because of insufficient internal demand ,to a point on its production frontier with trade . For such a nation , trade would represent a vent for surplus, or an outlet for its potential surplus of agricultural commodities and raw materials .This has indeed occurred in many developing nations ,particularly those in Southeast Asia and West Africa.
盡管國(guó)際貿(mào)易不能在一般情況下是一個(gè)“增長(zhǎng)引擎”今天，仍然有很多的方式(除了靜態(tài)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的收益)，它可以在今天的發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。一位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家指出了以下幾個(gè)重要的有利影響，國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(1)應(yīng)收賬款可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致其他就業(yè)不足的國(guó)內(nèi)資源的充分利用。也就是說(shuō)，通過(guò)貿(mào)易，發(fā)展中國(guó)家可以從一個(gè)低效率的生產(chǎn)點(diǎn)內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)前沿，未動(dòng)用的資源，因?yàn)閮?nèi)需不足，其生產(chǎn)與貿(mào)易前沿上的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。對(duì)于這樣一個(gè)國(guó)家，貿(mào)易盈余，或代表一個(gè)發(fā)泄其潛在過(guò)剩的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和原料出口在許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家，特別是那些在東南亞和西非。這確實(shí)發(fā)生了。
In addition,(2)by expanding the size of the market, trade makes possible division of labor and economies of scale. This is especially important and has actually taken place in the production of light manufactures in such small economic units as Taiwan, Hong Kong ,and Singapore .(3)International trade is the vehicle for the transmission of new ideas ,new technology ,and new managerial and other skills .(4)Trade also stimulates and facilitates the international flow of capital from developed to developing nations. In the case of direct foreign investments ,where the foreign firm retains managerial control over its investment, the foreign capital is likely to be accompanied by foreign skilled personnel to operate it .(There is ,however, a great deal of controversy surrounding the costs and benefits of foreign capital to the developing host nation.) (5)In several large developing nations .such as Brazil and India ,the importation of new manufactured products has stimulated domestic demand until efficient domestic production of these good became feasible .Finally,(6)international trade is an excellent antimonopoly weapon (when allowed to operate ) because it stimulates greater efficiency by domestic producers to meet foreign competition . This is particularly important to keep low the cost and price of intermediate or semifinished products used as inputs in the domestic production of other commodities
此外，(2)的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，貿(mào)易使勞動(dòng)分工和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。這是特別重要的，實(shí)際上已經(jīng)發(fā)生了光的生產(chǎn)制造商，在臺(tái)灣，香港，新加坡這樣的小經(jīng)濟(jì)單位。(3)國(guó)際貿(mào)易是傳輸?shù)男滤悸�，新技術(shù)和新的管理工具和其他技能。(4)應(yīng)收賬款也刺激和促進(jìn)從發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家向發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際資本流動(dòng)。在外商直接投資，外國(guó)公司保留對(duì)投資的管理控制的情況下，外資可能伴隨著由外國(guó)技術(shù)人員來(lái)操作它。(然而，有一個(gè)很大的爭(zhēng)議周圍的成本，外資對(duì)發(fā)展中東道國(guó)國(guó)家。)(5)在一些發(fā)展中的大國(guó)，如巴西和印度，工業(yè)新產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口，刺激國(guó)內(nèi)需求，直到這些良好的有效的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)變得可行。最后，(6 )國(guó)際貿(mào)易是一個(gè)很好的反壟斷武器(當(dāng)操作)，因?yàn)樗碳じ叩男视蓢?guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)，以滿足國(guó)外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這是特別重要的是要保持較低的投入在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的其他商品的成本和價(jià)格使用中間或半成品的同樣令人印象深刻的所謂的有害影響的貿(mào)易。
Critics of international trade can match this impressive list of benefit with an equally impressive list of the allegedly harmful effect of trade. However, since a developing nation can refuse to trade .However , since a developing nation can refuse to trade if it gains nothing or loses, the presumption is that it must also gain from trade .It is true that when most of the gains from trade accrue .to developed nations, there is a great deal of dissatisfaction and justification for demands to rectify the situation, but this should not be construed to mean that trade is actually harmful .One can ,of course , always find cases where ,on balance , international trade may actually have hampered economic development . However, in most cases it can be expected to provide invaluable assistance to the development process .This has been confirmed empirically by many researchers ,including this author .Even China ,which for security and ideological reasons strove for self-sufficiency during most of the postwar period, has recently come to appreciate the contribution that trade can make to its growth and development and is indeed now reaping major benefits from international trade –and so do the former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union after their fall.
國(guó)際貿(mào)易的批評(píng)可以匹配這個(gè)令人印象深刻的利益。但是，由于發(fā)展中國(guó)家可以拒絕交易，但是，因?yàn)橐粋�(gè)發(fā)展中的國(guó)家可以拒絕交易如果獲得或失去的假設(shè)是，它也必須從貿(mào)易中獲利，這是事實(shí)，當(dāng)大部分的貿(mào)易收益累積。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，有大量的不滿和理由要求糾正的情況，但是這不應(yīng)該被理解為貿(mào)易實(shí)際上是有害的，其中一個(gè)，當(dāng)然，總是可以找到案件，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)際上卻可能阻礙了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，它可以預(yù)期的發(fā)展過(guò)程提供了寶貴的援助。經(jīng)驗(yàn)也證實(shí)了這許多研究人員，包括作者，即使是中國(guó)，這對(duì)于安全和意識(shí)形態(tài)的原因，在戰(zhàn)后的大部分時(shí)間爭(zhēng)取自給自足期間，近日來(lái)欣賞貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展作出的貢獻(xiàn)，確實(shí)是現(xiàn)在從國(guó)際貿(mào)易中獲得重大利益，這樣做對(duì)東歐和前蘇聯(lián)各共和國(guó)的前共產(chǎn)主義國(guó)家，他們跌倒后。
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