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英語(yǔ)閱讀理解�？碱}型解題方法
英語(yǔ)是從小學(xué)階段到大學(xué)，甚至是工作之后都需要學(xué)習(xí)的科目，想要走得更遠(yuǎn)，學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)是必須的。今天，小編特意為大家推薦英語(yǔ)閱讀理解�？碱}型解題方法，希望大家喜歡！
首先，讓我們看一下閱讀理解能力測(cè)試的基本要求：
1. 理解主旨和要義；
2. 理解文中具體信息；
3. 根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；
4. 作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理；
5. 理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；
6. 理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。
根據(jù)這六項(xiàng)要求，我們可將閱讀理解題歸納為以下幾種題型：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、詞句理解題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、文章結(jié)構(gòu)題等。下面作者結(jié)合平時(shí)教學(xué)中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)體會(huì)，談一談做英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題的技巧與策略。
1、主旨大意題
主旨大意題是對(duì)文章主題的一種考查方式。它包括段落大意題、全文大意題及標(biāo)題歸納題。
2、段落大意題
段落大意題主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)某段文字的整體理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握段落大意的能力，一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段的主旨或目的設(shè)題。做這類(lèi)題，關(guān)鍵在于抓住該段文字的主旨。
首先，從段首找大意。有些段落的首句便是該段的主題句，抓住了主題句便抓住了該段的大意。
其次，從段尾找大意。有些段落在列舉事實(shí)和舉出事例之后，在段尾進(jìn)行總結(jié)，得出結(jié)論。這樣，段尾句就成了該段的主題句。
再次，從段中找大意。有些段落的主題句位于段落的中間位置。這種段落常常以一句或幾句話(huà)引出話(huà)題，接著提出主題句，然后再舉例或論證。
最后，歸納總結(jié)段落大意。有些段落并沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，或者說(shuō)根本就沒(méi)有主題句。遇到這種情況，我們需要根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括出本段的大意。
總之，在做段落大意題時(shí)，要站在整個(gè)段落的高度，概括出大意，切忌以偏概全、以點(diǎn)代面。
3、全文大意題
文章的主旨是通過(guò)段落來(lái)表達(dá)的，而段落大意主要由主題句來(lái)體現(xiàn)，所以段落的主題句是構(gòu)成文章中心思想的有機(jī)組成部分。因此，識(shí)別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。做這類(lèi)題時(shí)常用略讀法。具體技巧有：
1. 讀首尾段抓主旨。文章的主旨多出現(xiàn)在首尾段中。根據(jù)具體情況，學(xué)生可細(xì)讀首尾段或?qū)啥谓Y(jié)合起來(lái)考慮。（注意：主題段也可能出現(xiàn)在文章中間。）
2. 歸納各段落主旨。如果作者沒(méi)有直接點(diǎn)明主題，讀者則需要綜合全篇各段的段落大意，從而歸納出全文的大意。
4、標(biāo)題歸納題
標(biāo)題歸納題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主題思想的把握和抽象概括語(yǔ)言的能力。做好標(biāo)題歸納題，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1. 了解標(biāo)題形式上的特點(diǎn)。英語(yǔ)文章標(biāo)題的形式多種多樣，可以是一兩個(gè)單詞、一個(gè)短語(yǔ)、一個(gè)名詞性從句、一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，還可以是一個(gè)祈使句。從字面上看，常常是短小精悍, 言簡(jiǎn)意賅。
2. 了解標(biāo)題內(nèi)容上的特點(diǎn)。標(biāo)題必須做到能夠概括文章的主旨，揭示文章的主要內(nèi)容，切忌以偏概全、以點(diǎn)代面，也不能過(guò)于寬泛。
3. 了解標(biāo)題吸引力的特點(diǎn)。人們常以標(biāo)題來(lái)判斷文章是否具有可讀性，因此文章是否能夠吸引讀者在一定程度上取決于標(biāo)題是否具有吸引力。
4. 了解歸納標(biāo)題的方法。標(biāo)題歸納題關(guān)鍵是要找主題句，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在首段、末段或者中間段，而對(duì)于沒(méi)有主題句的文章，我們需要從整篇文章的高度進(jìn)行概括。
[例1]（節(jié)選自2011年安徽卷D篇）
Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer (征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921, the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland, in the north, is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland, in the south, is an independent country.
In the 1840s the main crop, potatoes, was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger. This, and a shortage (短缺) of work, forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.
For many years, the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside, where things move at a quieter and slower pace.
The Irish are famous for being warm-hearted and friendly. Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish writer, once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”. Since independence, Ireland has revived (復(fù)興) its own culture of music, language, literature and singing. Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments. Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin, whistle, etc.
備注：
independence獨(dú)立；
affect影響
majority大多數(shù)；
instrument樂(lè)器
68. What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?
A. How the Irish fought against the English.
B. How Ireland gained independence.
C. How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.
D. How two “Irelands” came into being.
70. The last paragraph is mainly about _____.
A. the Irish character
B. Irish culture
C. Irish musical instruments
D. a famous Irish writer
71. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Life in Ireland
B. A Very Difficult History
C. Ireland, Past and Present
D. The Independence of Ireland
[解析]
68. 根據(jù)文章第一段倒數(shù)第三句The result is that today there are two “Irelands”可知，作者想告訴我們愛(ài)爾蘭分裂成為南北兩個(gè)“愛(ài)爾蘭”的歷史原因，故選D項(xiàng)。
70. 文章最后一段主要向我們介紹了愛(ài)爾蘭人的音樂(lè)文化、語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)和演唱的復(fù)興，接著敘述了不同的音樂(lè)風(fēng)格、樂(lè)器等，因此可以判斷B項(xiàng)正確，其他選項(xiàng)只是其中的一個(gè)方面。
71. 根據(jù)文中提到的時(shí)間及For many years和Since independence等信息可知，本文主要介紹了愛(ài)爾蘭的發(fā)展史。Life in Ireland愛(ài)爾蘭的生活；A Very Difficult History一段非常艱難的歷史；Ireland, Past and Present愛(ài)爾蘭的過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在；The Independence of Ireland愛(ài)爾蘭的獨(dú)立。只有C項(xiàng)能體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。
5、細(xì)節(jié)理解題
細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查學(xué)生查找信息的能力和對(duì)句子的理解能力, 要求學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解判斷。
直接信息
解答此類(lèi)試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)讀全文，而采取“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法，先從問(wèn)題中抓住關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線(xiàn)索，運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，對(duì)照比較，確定答案。
此類(lèi)題的正確選項(xiàng)往往是原文意義的不同表達(dá)方式，一般有以下特征：1. 對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換；2. 詞性或者語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化；3. 語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化。
干擾項(xiàng)也是以文中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)置，常有以下幾種情況：1. 選項(xiàng)本身正確，但不符合題干要求；2. 選項(xiàng)本身錯(cuò)誤；3. 選項(xiàng)中含有原文信息，但其中個(gè)別詞描述得不準(zhǔn)確，這種選項(xiàng)的干擾性最強(qiáng)，考生在答題時(shí)要十分注意。
間接信息
間接型細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查的是考生獲取和理解隱藏在文字下的復(fù)雜信息的能力。
間接型細(xì)節(jié)理解題通常有兩種命題方式。一是題干針對(duì)原文某一信息進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述，即題干的中心信息詞不是原文文字，而是原文某一信息的全新表達(dá)。解答這一類(lèi)題目的關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)確理解題干的意思，然后在文中找出與題干中心意思相一致的信息。二是以原文信息背后隱含的內(nèi)容作為命題點(diǎn)，要求考生立足原文信息，準(zhǔn)確理解未表達(dá)的間接信息。解答這一類(lèi)題目時(shí)，需要依據(jù)若干具體的信息進(jìn)行比較、歸納和概括，有時(shí)還要作合乎邏輯的推理。
[例2]（節(jié)選自2011年大綱全國(guó)卷II D篇）
The way we do things round here
Some years ago, I was hired by an American bank. I received a letter from the head of the Personnel Department that started, “Dear John, I am quite pleased that you have decided to join us.” That “quite” saddened me. I thought he was saying “we’re kind of pleased you decided to join us although I wish we had hired someone else.” Then I discovered that in American English “quite” sometimes means “very”, while in British English it means “fairly”.
So the first lesson about working in other countries is to learn the language and by that I don’t just mean the words people speak. It is body language, dress, manners, ideas and so on. The way people do things highlights many of the differences we see between cultures (文化).
Some of these differences may be only on the surface — dress, food and hours of work — while others may be deeper and take longer to deal with. Mostly, it is just a question of getting used to the differences and accepting them, like the climate (氣候), while getting on with business.
Some of the differences may be an improvement. People are more polite; the service is better; you ask for something to be done and it happens without having to ask again. However, other differences can be troubling, like punctuality (準(zhǔn)時(shí)). If you invite people to a party at 7 o’clock your guests will consider it polite to turn up exactly on time in Germany, five minutes early in the American Midwest, an hour early in Japan, 15 minutes afterwards in the UK, up to an hour afterwards in Italy and some time in the evening in Greece. I prefer not to use the word “l(fā)ate” because there is nothing wrong with the times people arrive. It is simply the accepted thing to do in their own country.
54. According to the author, what should we do with most cultural differences?
A. Ask the native people for help.
B. Understand and accept them.
C. Do things in our own way.
D. Do in-depth research.
55. When invited to a party the people who are usually punctual are _____.
A. Italians B. Germans
C. Greeks D. the British
[解析]
54. 由第三段最后一句可知，我們要習(xí)慣文化差異并接受存在的文化差異，故選B項(xiàng)。
55. 由最后一段If you invite people ... on time inGermany... 可知B項(xiàng)正確。
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