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專業(yè)英語四級(jí)考試完形填空預(yù)測(cè)押題2018
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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards， from warm praise to cold cash， affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists，who study the relation between actions and their consequences，argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive(認(rèn)識(shí)派的) researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters， __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children，suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness，according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task， they show the most creativity，”says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students，Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
In early grades，the use of so-called token economies，in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards， shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity，the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid
E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
參考答案：
1. L2. I3. F4. J5. G
6. M7. C8. H9. N10. B
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