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2017自考《英語一》語法大全：時態(tài)篇
在語法里，時或時態(tài)表示行為發(fā)生的時間和說話時的關系。一般分為過去式、現(xiàn)在式、將來式，通常也有與表示動作進行或終止的進行式和完成式等體貌一起相連用的情況。以下是百分網(wǎng)小編搜索整理的關于自考《英語一》語法大全：時態(tài)篇，供參考復習，希望對大家有所幫助!想了解更多相關信息請持續(xù)關注我們應屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)!
一、現(xiàn)在完成時
1. 現(xiàn)在完成時的定義
現(xiàn)在完成時通常是指過去某一動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或過去某一動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能要繼續(xù)下去)
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時的構成
現(xiàn)在完成時是由“助動詞have/has+過去分詞”構成的
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時的基本句型
肯定式I have worked He /She/ It has worked We have worked You have worked
They have worked
疑問式Have I worked? Has he /she / it worked? Have we worked? Have you worked?
Have they worked?
否定式I have not worked I haven’t worked He /She / It has not worked He / She / It hasn’t worked We have not worked We haven’t worked You have not worked You haven’t worked
They have not worked They haven’t worked
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法
a. 現(xiàn)在完成時可表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的影響，后面通常不用時間狀語，但句中常出現(xiàn)already, just, yet等副詞。如：
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。
I’ve just finished reading the novel.我剛剛讀完這本小說。
Have you seen the doctor yet?你看過醫(yī)生了嗎?
注：already和yet用法上的區(qū)別
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句，常用于句末。但already有時也可用語疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情。如：
b. 現(xiàn)在完成時也可表示從過去某時開始的動作，狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常和for, since引導的時間狀語連用。如：
I have learned English for 5 years.
He lived in Beijing since he was born.
注：(1) for和since引導的時間狀語的區(qū)別: for + 一段時間, since + 一點時間 從句(從句中常用一般過去時)
(2)表示繼續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等時間狀語連用。如：
Tom has had a toothache all day.
I haven’t heard from him recently.
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時也可表示從過去到現(xiàn)在曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過或做過的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once, …times等時間狀語連用。如：
I’ve never been to Beijing.我從沒去過北京。
He has read this book before.他以前讀過這本書。
1. 現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別
(1)兩者都可表示過去發(fā)生過的動作，但前者表示的是過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，而后者則是表示過去動作的事實。
(2)兩者都可表示過去開始并延續(xù)了一段時間的動作，現(xiàn)在完成時含義為該動作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過去時則說明該動作現(xiàn)已終止。如：
He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。(動作仍在繼續(xù))
He lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年。(動作已結束)
2. 點動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的區(qū)別
所謂點動詞是指含有終止或短暫意義的動詞。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等動詞。它們通常不與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：
I have bought a book.我買了一本書。
I’ve had this book for three weeks.這本書我已經(jīng)買了三星期了。
某些非延續(xù)性動詞可以與since連用，表示重復的動作或狀態(tài)。如：
I have met her often since I moved here.
They have gone fishing five times since last spring.
有些非延續(xù)性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時在否定結構中可以與since或for短語連用。如：
He has never touched beer for a whole week.
I haven't bought anything for a year.
3. has been to和has gone to的區(qū)別
has been to表示“曾經(jīng)去過”說明所提及的對象一回到說話地點
has gone to表示“去……”說明所提及的對象不在說話地點。如：
I’ve been to Beijing for many times.我到過北京很多次了。
Tom has gone to Beijing and will come back next week.湯姆已到北京去了，下星期才回來。
4. have got的含義
have got形式上是現(xiàn)在完成時，卻和have是同一個意思
She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.她有點發(fā)燒。
Have you got a new dictionary? Do you have a new dictionary?你有一本新字典嗎?
5. 注意下面各句的意思：
He has gone for two days. 他走了，將離開兩天。= He has gone and will be away for two days.
She has come for a week. 她來了，要呆一個星期。= She has come and will stay here for a week.
I haven't heard from her since she lived in Nanjing. 自從她離開南京以來，我一直沒有她的音信。
1.You won’t know if it fits you until you ___ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. try D. have tried
2.It’s said that he ___ sent to Australia to improve his English.
A. would be B. was to be C. has been D. had been
3.This is the second time you ___ late this week.
A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive
4.The living standard of the people in Nanjing ___ since1983.
A. has raised B. had been risen C. has risen D. rose
5.Mr. Smith has lived in Canada for twelve years, so he ___ life there.
A. used to B. get used to C. got used to D. has got used to
6.Mike ___ with Jane for one year.
A. has been in love B. has fallen in love C. has been loved D. has loved
7. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.
A. have been married to B. have married with C. have been married with D. had married with
8.Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up
9.Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
10.The price ___, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
二、過去進行時
1過去進行時的定義
過去進行時常表示過去某一時刻或過去某一階段內(nèi)正在進行的動作。
2過去進行時的構成
過去進行時是由“be動詞的過去式was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構成。
3過去進行時的基本句型
肯定式I was working He / She / it was working. We were working. They were working You were working
疑問式Were you working? Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn’t. Were we working? Were you working? Were they working?
否定式I was not working He / she / it was not working. We were not working You were not working They were not working
4過去進行時的基本用法
a.過去進行時表示過去某一時間正在進行的動作，常和表過去的時間狀語連用，如：
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的這個時候我正在做作業(yè)。
They were expecting you yesterday.他們昨天一直在等待。
b.過去進行時可與soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等時間狀語連用，表示一個新的動作剛剛開始。如：
Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久鎮(zhèn)上的人就都談論起這種事了。
c.過去進行時可用來申述原因或用作借口，這種用法常用在口語中。如：
-- Have you finished your homework, Mary?瑪麗，你作業(yè)做完了嗎?
-- No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday.還沒呢，我昨天一天都幫媽媽在廚房干活。
d.過去進行時可用來為一個后一系列動作的發(fā)生提供背景。如：
I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在騎車時把腿摔壞了。
e.過去進行時可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或打算，這時be動詞was/were要重讀。如：
I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it .我本該今天早上給他寫信的，后來全給忘了。
I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本來打算明天會見她。
He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本來要看那場戲的，可是太忙了。
5 一般過去時和過去進行時的區(qū)別
(1)一般過去式常表示在過去某時發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)(包括過去習慣動作)，常與一般過去時連用的時間狀語有just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last week(month, year), the day before yesterday及表示過去的時間狀語從句。如：
I was sixteen yesterday old last year.我去年16歲。
He worked in a factory in 1986.他1986年在一家工廠工作。
I met her in the street the day before yesterday.前天我在街上遇見了她。
He often swam in the river when he was young.他小時侯常在河里游泳。
(2)過去進行時表示過去某一段時間或某一時刻正在進行的動作。常與之連用的時間狀語有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+點鐘+yesterday (last night / Sunday…)，when sb. did sth等時間狀語從句。
What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七點你在干什么?
I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到瑪麗是在三年前，當時她在一家無線電商店工作。
I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲門時我正在做飯。
(3)一般過去時往往表示某一動作已經(jīng)完成，而過去進行時卻表示動作在持續(xù)或未完成。如：
I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老師談話時我看見了你。
注意：有的過去時間狀語既可用于一般過去時，也可用于過去進行時，但含義不同。如：
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚給她的朋友寫了封信。(信寫完了)
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在給她的朋友寫信。(信不一定寫完)
一、過去進行時的時間狀語
1.when 和while引導的狀語從句中，強調某個動作正在進行的過程中時要用進行時態(tài)，while表示一段時間，因此它所引導的狀語從句中，謂語動詞常用進行時態(tài)，如：
When/While we were having supper, the light went out.我們正在吃飯時燈熄滅了。
2.when用作并列連詞時，主句常用進行時態(tài)，從句則用一般過去時，表示主句動作發(fā)生的過程中，另一個意想不到的動作發(fā)生了。如：
I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走時突然有人喊我。
二、下面幾種情況不用一般過去時而要用過去進行時：
1. 表示過去某一階段暫時性的習慣動作時。如：
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.湯姆那一周里每天都是六點鐘起床。
2. 與always連用表示贊美，厭煩等感情色彩時。如：
John was always coming to school late.約翰上學總是遲到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.雷鋒總是為人民做好事。
3. 用來描寫故事發(fā)生的情景時。如：
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一個漆黑的夜晚，風刮得很厲害，雨下得很大，一個解放軍戰(zhàn)士突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上，他想過河去。
4. when作并列連詞，表示“(這時)突然”之意時，第一個并列分句用過去進行時，when引導的并列分句用一般過去時。如：
I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇見了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain.我們正在外邊玩，這時下起雨來了。
5go, come, leave, start, arrive等動詞可用過去進行時表示過去將來的含義。如：
I was leaving for Wuhan that day.那天我正要去武漢。
She was coming later.她隨后就來。
三、過去進行時表示婉轉語氣(只限于want, hope, wonder 等動詞)，用以提出請求。如：
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.
1.My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding
2. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.
A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking
4.I don’t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
5.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
6.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I’m terribly sorry.________.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
7. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
8. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having
9.When I arrived at his office, he ___ on the phone.
A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken
10. “What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.”
“Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home.”
A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just thought
三、過去完成時
1 過去完成時的定義
過去完成時表在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。強調“過去的過去”
2 過去完成時的構成
過去完成時由“had+過去分詞”構成
3 過去完成時的基本句型
肯定式I had worked He/She/It had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked
否定式I had not worked He /She/It had not worked We had not worked You had not worked They had not worked
疑問式Had I worked? Had he/she/it worked? Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked?
簡略回答Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t. Yes, he/she/it had. No, he/she/it hadn’t. Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t. Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t. Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.
4 過去完成時的基本用法
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。可以用by, before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。例如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
(2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構成的時間狀語連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當車來的時候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我對動詞一無所知，因為我沒有好好學習功課。
(4)在含有定語從句的主從復合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
(5)過去完成時常常用在賓語從句(或間接引語)中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他說他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when, until等連詞的復合句中，如果主句謂語動詞和從句謂語動詞所表示的過去動作不是同時發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動作通常用過去完成時表示。例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來時雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復合句中，因為這時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。
(7)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來希望能來看看你。
(8)過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
1.歷史事實通常用一般過去時表示，如：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
2.過去完成時可以代替一般過去時，表示驚奇，如：
I saw her coming, but in a minute, she had disappeared.
They wanted to keep it a secret, but a few days later, everyone had known it.
3. 過去完成時可表示對后來動作的影響，對比下面兩組句子：
A) He had eaten something before taking dinner. (So he had no appetite at dinner.)
B) He ate something before taking dinner. (He might have his usual appetite at dinner.)
A) She felt better after she had taken a few days'' rest. (Feeling better is the result of taking a few days'' rest.)
B) She felt better after she took a few days'' rest. (Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days''s rest.)
單項選擇
1.By the time he was twelve, Edison ______ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away
5. ---How long _______ each other before they ______ married? ---For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _______ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come
下列各句中出現(xiàn)了時態(tài)使用錯誤，請指出并改正
1.When she was at the middle school, she often reads in the library.
2.When she got home, the children went to bed.
3.He said he didn’t see his uncle for many years.
4.I didn’t go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.
6.By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.
7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.
8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.
四、現(xiàn)在完成進行時
1 定義
現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
2 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構成
現(xiàn)在完成進行時是由“have/has+been+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構成
3 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的基本句型
肯定式I have been working. He/She/It has been working. We/You/They have been working.
疑問式Have you been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have they been working?
簡略回答Yes, I/we have.No, I/we haven’t. Yes, he/she/it has.No, he/she/it hasn’t. Yes, they have.No, they haven’t.
注： 現(xiàn)在完成進行時基本上沒有否定結構
4 現(xiàn)在完成時的語法作用
(1)在強調指出動作還未結束，還要繼續(xù)下去。如：I’ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven’t finished it. 這本書我已讀了兩個小時了，但我還沒讀完。
I’ve read this book.我已讀完這本書了。
(2)強調動作延續(xù)時間的長久或帶感情色彩。
She has always been working like that.她一貫是這樣工作的。
(3)動作不包含持續(xù)意義的動作，要表示延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，要用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。
They’ve been building a ship.(在進行)他們一直在造一艘船。
(4)現(xiàn)在完成進行時也可表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時間反復發(fā)生的事情。
We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我們經(jīng)常見面。
現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時更強調動作的延續(xù)性，它是現(xiàn)在完成時的強調形式。試比較：
We’ve been living here for ten years.
We’ve lived here for ten years.我們在這兒已經(jīng)住了十年了。
(2)在不用時間狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作仍在進行。而現(xiàn)在完成時則表示動作在過去已結束。如：
The students have been preparing for the exam.(還在進行)學生們一直在準備考試。
The students have prepared for the exam.(已經(jīng)結束)學生們?yōu)榭荚囎髁藴蕚洹?/p>
(3)有些表示狀態(tài)，感情，感覺的動詞如：have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如：
They’ve known each other since 1970.自從1970年起他們就相互認識了。
單項選擇
1.Even though they ___ for twenty years, the two neighbours are not on good terms.
A. have been lived side by side B. had been living side by side
C. have been side by side living D. have been living side by side
2.I haven’t seen Mary these past few days, I’m afraid she ___ herself for some time.
A. hasn’t been feeling B. hadn’t been feeling C. isn’t feeling D. wasn’t feeling
3.She ___ on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.
A. will be working B. worked C. has been working D. will have worked
4.---Hi, Tracy, you look tired. ---I’m tired. I ___ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
5.---Hi, Joan, I have seen you for weeks. What ___ recently?
---Carrying on some research on wildlife.
A. have you been doing B. have you done C. were you doing D. did you do
6.You must be tired now since you ___ for five hours.
A. have been worked B. have been working C. worked D. would work
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