- 三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷簡(jiǎn)介 推薦度:
- 相關(guān)推薦
三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷簡(jiǎn)介
婦女節(jié)又稱‘國(guó)際婦女節(jié)‘是世界各國(guó)婦女爭(zhēng)取和平、平等、發(fā)展的節(jié)日,節(jié)期在每年三月八日。下面是小編整理的關(guān)于三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷,歡迎大家參考!
三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷簡(jiǎn)介
一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),各國(guó)婦女為爭(zhēng)取到這一權(quán)利做出了不懈的努力和斗爭(zhēng)。1857年3月8日,美國(guó)紐約的服裝和紡織女工舉行了一次抗議,反對(duì)非人道的工作環(huán)境,12小時(shí)工作制和低薪,游行者被警察圍攻并趕散,兩年以后,又是在三月,這些婦女組織了第一個(gè)工會(huì)1908年3月8日,1500名婦女在紐約市游行,要求縮短工作時(shí)間,提高勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬,享有選舉權(quán),禁止使用童工,她們提出的口號(hào)是‘面包和玫瑰‘;面包象征經(jīng)濟(jì)保障,玫瑰象征較好的生活質(zhì)量。五月,美國(guó)社會(huì)黨決定以二月的最后一個(gè)星期日做為國(guó)內(nèi)的婦女節(jié)1910年,德國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家蔡特金(ClaraZetkin)建議為了紀(jì)念美國(guó)服裝工人的罷工應(yīng)設(shè)定一天當(dāng)‘國(guó)際婦女節(jié)‘。該建議被在哥本哈根召開(kāi)的國(guó)際婦女社會(huì)學(xué)家會(huì)議接受,但并未定出具體日期1917年,俄國(guó)婦女號(hào)召在2月23日罷工以要求‘面包和和平‘,抗議惡劣的工作環(huán)境和食物短缺。這天依據(jù)俄國(guó)使用的儒略歷是當(dāng)月的最后一個(gè)星期日,折合成歐洲廣范使用的格里高歷是3月8日1924年,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在廣州召開(kāi)了第一次‘三·八‘節(jié)紀(jì)念大會(huì)1949年,我國(guó)中央政府作出決定,將三月八日定為婦女節(jié),該日全國(guó)婦女放假半天,舉行各種儀式的紀(jì)念,祝慶活動(dòng)。
1977年12月,聯(lián)合國(guó)采納了一項(xiàng)決議聲明,聯(lián)合國(guó)婦女權(quán)益和和平日,在一種的某一天,服從各成員國(guó)的歷史和傳統(tǒng),對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)而言,國(guó)際婦女節(jié)訂為3月8日,且從1975年開(kāi)始南非婦女節(jié)時(shí)間有別于國(guó)際婦女節(jié)。1956年8月9日,數(shù)百名黑人婦女在比勒陀利亞舉行抗議游行,抗議當(dāng)局推行種族隔離的‘通行證法‘。新南非政府將這一天定為婦女節(jié),以紀(jì)念南非婦女在爭(zhēng)取平等斗爭(zhēng)中所作的貢獻(xiàn),并將這一天定為全國(guó)公假日。從此,每年的8月9日,南非各地的婦女紛紛舉行各種形式的慶;顒(dòng),要求實(shí)現(xiàn)男女平等、結(jié)束黨派沖突與暴力,保證婦女生存權(quán)益和反對(duì)性 騷擾與性犯罪,以消除舊南非種族隔離制度造成的根深蒂固的歧視婦女的影響
三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷簡(jiǎn)介英文版
International Women's Day (8 March) is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development.
International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage.
The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events:
1909
In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913.
1910
The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.
1911
As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Women's Day was marked for the first time (19 March) in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.
Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Women's Day.
1913-1914
As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their sisters.
1917
With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for "bread and peace". Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike, but the women went on anyway. The rest is history: Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote. That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere.
Since those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women's movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences, has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated efforts to demand women's rights and participation in the political and economic process. Increasingly, International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights.
The Role of the United Nations
Few causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women. The Charter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco in 1945, was the first international agreement to proclaim gender equality as a fundamental human right. Since then, the Organization has helped create a historic legacy of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide.
Over the years, United Nations action for the advancement of women has taken four clear directions: promotion of legal measures; mobilization of public opinion and international action; training and research, including the compilation of gender desegregated statistics; and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups. Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social, economic and political problems can be found without the full participation, and the full empowerment, of the world's women.
節(jié)日起源
在聯(lián)合國(guó)介紹國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)上,把“三八”國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的起源歸因于20世紀(jì)初期一系列的婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)大事,這些事件包括:
1909年,美國(guó)社會(huì)黨人將2月28日定為全國(guó)婦女日;1910年,第二國(guó)際哥本哈根會(huì)議上以克拉拉·蔡特金為首的來(lái)自17個(gè)國(guó)家的100余名婦女代表籌劃設(shè)立國(guó)際婦女節(jié),但未規(guī)定確切的日期;1911年3月19日,奧地利、丹麥、德國(guó)和瑞士等國(guó)有超過(guò)100萬(wàn)婦女集會(huì)慶祝國(guó)際婦女節(jié);1913年2月的最后一個(gè)周日,俄羅斯婦女以示威游行的方式慶祝了她們的國(guó)際婦女節(jié);1914年3月8日,歐洲多國(guó)婦女舉行反戰(zhàn)示威游行;1917年3月8日(俄歷2月23日),為紀(jì)念在一戰(zhàn)中喪生的近200萬(wàn)俄羅斯婦女,俄羅斯婦女舉行罷工,拉開(kāi)了“二月革命”的序幕,4天后,沙皇被迫退位,臨時(shí)政府宣布賦予婦女選舉權(quán)。
20世紀(jì)初這一系列發(fā)生在歐洲和美洲的社會(huì)主義女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)共同促成了“三八”國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的誕生。
節(jié)日發(fā)展
設(shè)立國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的想法是最先產(chǎn)生于20世紀(jì)初,當(dāng)時(shí)西方各國(guó)正處在快速工業(yè)化和經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張階段。惡劣的工作條件和低廉的工資使得各類抗議和罷工活動(dòng)此起彼伏。1908年5月,正值美國(guó)社會(huì)黨在芝加哥召開(kāi)全國(guó)代表大會(huì),左翼女權(quán)活動(dòng)家們借機(jī)在報(bào)紙上掀起性別平等大討論,號(hào)召女工們到會(huì)場(chǎng)外抗議,要求社會(huì)主義黨成立全國(guó)婦女委員會(huì),專門負(fù)責(zé)女性運(yùn)動(dòng)的組織與宣傳工作。盡管多數(shù)男性黨代表對(duì)此極為不屑,但最后迫于壓力,還是采納了這一提案。
首次慶祝婦女節(jié)是在1909年2月28日——美國(guó)社會(huì)主義黨全國(guó)婦女委員會(huì)成立后,決定自1909年起,將每年二月份的最后一個(gè)星期天定為“全國(guó)婦女節(jié)”,專門用于組織大型集會(huì)和游行。之所以要定在星期天,是要避免女工為了參加活動(dòng)而請(qǐng)假,給她們?cè)斐深~外的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。
其中尤以1910年2月27日[7]的全美婦女節(jié)場(chǎng)面盛大,吸引了不少歐洲國(guó)家的婦女代表赴美觀摩取經(jīng),也成為1910年哥本哈根大會(huì)“國(guó)際婦女節(jié)”動(dòng)議的靈感來(lái)源。盡管美國(guó)的婦女選舉權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)此后節(jié)節(jié)勝利,但社會(huì)主義黨內(nèi)的女權(quán)人士則很快遭到黨內(nèi)同儕的排擠。1914年社會(huì)主義黨全代會(huì)決議停止對(duì)全國(guó)婦女委員會(huì)的撥款,委員會(huì)就此解散,而失去了組織者的“全國(guó)婦女節(jié)”也迅速遭人遺忘。
美國(guó)婦女為爭(zhēng)取平等權(quán)利舉行示威游行1910年8月26日-27日,在第二國(guó)際哥本哈根代表大會(huì)前夕,克拉拉·蔡特金以國(guó)際婦女書記處書記身份主持召開(kāi)了第二屆國(guó)際社會(huì)主義婦女代表會(huì)議。全世界被剝削工人的國(guó)際團(tuán)結(jié)早己成為一個(gè)社會(huì)主義原則。這次代表會(huì)議有17個(gè)國(guó)家的100多名代表參加,代表了工會(huì)、社會(huì)主義政黨、職業(yè)女性俱樂(lè)部,還包括第一次當(dāng)選為芬蘭議會(huì)議員的3位婦女。受到美國(guó)女工及其社會(huì)主義姐妹們行動(dòng)的激勵(lì),克拉拉·蔡特金起草了一份《關(guān)于爭(zhēng)取婦女選舉權(quán)基本原則的決議案》。
鉚釘女工,歐洲女性運(yùn)動(dòng)的標(biāo)志之一這個(gè)決議案規(guī)定,“各國(guó)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)有階級(jí)覺(jué)悟的政治組織和工會(huì)一致同意:各國(guó)社會(huì)主義婦女每年要有一個(gè)節(jié)日其主要目的是幫助婦女獲得選舉權(quán),必須按照社會(huì)主義原則并連同整個(gè)婦女問(wèn)題一起對(duì)待婦女的選舉權(quán)要求。婦女節(jié)必須具有國(guó)際性和認(rèn)真地籌備。”
第二屆國(guó)際社會(huì)主義婦女代表會(huì)議并沒(méi)有一個(gè)單獨(dú)的關(guān)于確立國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的決議,更沒(méi)有規(guī)定哪一天是婦女節(jié)。由于哥本哈根婦女代表會(huì)議沒(méi)有規(guī)定國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的具體日期。所以,1922年之前慶祝這個(gè)節(jié)日的活動(dòng)隨機(jī)性較強(qiáng)。
1911年3月19日,歐洲一些國(guó)家的無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)婦女舉行了歷史上第一次慶祝國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的活動(dòng)。德國(guó)各地舉行了爭(zhēng)取選舉權(quán)的集會(huì),僅柏林一地就有5000多名男女工人參加。丹麥、奧地利、瑞士等國(guó)的婦女也都舉行了集會(huì)和游行?偣渤^(guò)一百萬(wàn)人舉行各種活動(dòng)慶祝國(guó)際婦女節(jié)。
6天之后的3月25日,紐約發(fā)生了著名的紐約三角內(nèi)衣工廠火災(zāi),火災(zāi)吞噬了140多名制衣女工的生命,這其中大多數(shù)是意大利和猶太移民。而惡劣的工作條件被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致如此重大傷亡的主要原因。這場(chǎng)火災(zāi)后來(lái)還對(duì)美國(guó)的勞工立法產(chǎn)生了重要影響。
1912-1915年間,每逢3月19日這天,蔡特金都在國(guó)際婦女書記處的機(jī)關(guān)刊物—《平等報(bào)》上發(fā)表文章,紀(jì)念國(guó)際婦女節(jié)。國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的慶;顒(dòng)之所以選在這一天,是為紀(jì)念1871年3月18日巴黎工人和勞動(dòng)?jì)D女反對(duì)政府軍偷襲蒙馬特爾高地國(guó)民自衛(wèi)軍大炮陣地而舉行的起義。這一起義導(dǎo)致巴黎公社的誕生。
德國(guó)國(guó)際婦女節(jié)海報(bào)紀(jì)念國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的活動(dòng)后來(lái)還證明是俄國(guó)革命的前奏。在1917年俄國(guó)二月革命期間,彼得格勒女工響應(yīng)布爾什維克的號(hào)召,于3月8日(俄歷2月23日)舉行慶祝國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的示威游行,要求得到“面包與和平”,參加了有9萬(wàn)男女工人進(jìn)行的罷工。后來(lái)發(fā)展為反對(duì)帝國(guó)主義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),反對(duì)沙皇專制制度的起義,沙皇專制制度被推翻。十月革命成功之后,布爾什維克的女權(quán)活動(dòng)家亞歷山德拉·米哈伊洛夫娜·柯倫泰(Alexandra Mihalovna Kollontai)說(shuō)服列寧將3月8日設(shè)為法定假日。蘇聯(lián)時(shí)期,每年都會(huì)在這天紀(jì)念“英雄的婦女工作者”。
1918年,德國(guó)十一月革命以后,由于女革命家羅莎·盧森堡被反動(dòng)派殺害,因此,1919-1921年國(guó)際婦女節(jié)的慶;顒(dòng)都選在3月5日這一天。這天是盧森堡的生日。列寧于1920年和1921年發(fā)表的《迎接國(guó)際婦女節(jié)》和《國(guó)際勞動(dòng)?jì)D女節(jié)》兩篇紀(jì)念文章,都是在3月4日寫的。
1921年9月9—15日,第二屆國(guó)際共產(chǎn)主義婦女代表會(huì)議在莫斯科舉行,28個(gè)國(guó)家的82名代表出席會(huì)議。會(huì)上,保加利亞的女共產(chǎn)黨人建議,為了紀(jì)念俄國(guó)女工在1917年二月革命中的英勇斗爭(zhēng),把每年的3月8日定為國(guó)際婦女節(jié)。第二國(guó)際共產(chǎn)主義婦女代表會(huì)議采納了這個(gè)建議,通過(guò)決議將3月8日這天定為國(guó)際婦女節(jié)。
此后,各國(guó)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)婦女每年在這天都以不同形式來(lái)慶祝自己的節(jié)日,只是由于時(shí)代的發(fā)展變化,其目的不僅僅是爭(zhēng)取婦女選舉權(quán)了。從1922年開(kāi)始,蘇聯(lián)《真理報(bào)》、共產(chǎn)國(guó)際執(zhí)委會(huì)的機(jī)關(guān)刊物《國(guó)際新聞通訊》、《共產(chǎn)國(guó)際》在3月都開(kāi)辟專欄,介紹國(guó)際婦女節(jié)和各國(guó)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)婦女的斗爭(zhēng)以及生活和工作情況。
【三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷簡(jiǎn)介】相關(guān)文章:
春節(jié)的來(lái)歷簡(jiǎn)介20字02-21
三八婦女節(jié)的由來(lái)簡(jiǎn)介03-11
國(guó)際三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷和意義06-16
關(guān)于三八婦女節(jié)的來(lái)歷500字03-11
圍棋的簡(jiǎn)介09-25
鋼琴的來(lái)歷07-24
冬至的由來(lái)簡(jiǎn)介10-25
京劇起源簡(jiǎn)介03-19