英語常用寫作句式歸納及運(yùn)用
英語常用寫作句式歸納及運(yùn)用
組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、表語(predicative)、賓語(object)(直接賓語、間接賓語)、賓語補(bǔ)足語(object complement)、主語補(bǔ)足語(subject complement)、定語(attribute)和狀語(adverbial)。主語和謂語是句子的主體部分。表語、賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語是謂語里的組成部分。其它成分如定語和狀語是句子的次要部分。由以上這些成分構(gòu)成了英語中各式各樣的句子,但最基本的還是六種基本句型,其它句型都是由六種句型轉(zhuǎn)化來的。
一、 S + V (Subject + Verb. 主語+動詞)
這樣的動詞大多為不及物動詞,可分為如下幾種情況:
1、不及物動詞類:在英語中大多數(shù)動詞即可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞,純不及物動詞為數(shù)很少。常見的有:arrive, come, craw, die, dive, walk, go, run, come, fall, flow, happen, rise等。如:
Thomas Edison’s name never dies. 托馬斯?愛迪生的名字永遠(yuǎn)不會消失。
She apologized to me again. 她再次向我表示道歉。
2、有時(shí)主要起及物作用的動詞也可用作不及物動詞。常見的此類動詞有:wash, sell, lock, wear等。如:
My recent book sells very well. 我最近出的書銷路很好。
The door won’t lock. 門鎖不上。
3、個(gè)別不及物動詞后可跟同源賓語。常見的此類動詞有:sleep, dream, die, smile, live等。如:
They are leading a happy and peaceful life now. 他們現(xiàn)在過著幸福安寧的生活。
The soldier died a heroic death. 那個(gè)士兵光榮地犧牲了。
4、有時(shí)主要起不及物作用的動詞也可用作及物動詞。如:
They walked me into the hotel. 他們陪我走到旅館。
They are swimming the channel. 他們在游過海峽。
二、S + V + P (Subject +Verb +Predicate 主語+動詞+表語)
這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)主要指謂語動詞為連系動詞的情況。常見的連系動詞可分為如下兩類:
1、表示狀態(tài)的連系動詞:be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, sit, stand, lie, keep, remain, continue, stay等。如:
The weather continued windy and rainy. 天氣仍持續(xù)刮風(fēng)刮風(fēng)、下雨。
Several players lay flat on the playground. 幾個(gè)隊(duì)員正平躺在操場上。
That is all what I want to make clear. 這就是我想向大家澄清的全部。
We should remain modest and prudent any time. 我們?nèi)魏螘r(shí)候都應(yīng)保持謙虛謹(jǐn)慎。
2、表示轉(zhuǎn)變或結(jié)果的連系動詞:become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall, prove等。如:
The weather is becoming warmer. 天氣正在變暖。(強(qiáng)調(diào)變化的持續(xù)性)
They’ve just got married. 他們剛結(jié)婚。(強(qiáng)調(diào)變化的結(jié)果)
The milk went sour. 這些牛奶變酸了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)不以人的意志轉(zhuǎn)移的變化或惡化)
All my hair turns grey. 我的頭發(fā)全變白了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)不以人的意志轉(zhuǎn)移的變化或惡化)
Children grow wiser as they grow. 孩子們隨著長大會變得更聰明。(表示人或自然的逐步變化)
All his dreams have come true. 他所有的夢都變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)情況的改善)
三、S + V + O (Subject + Verb +Object 主語+動詞+賓語)
只跟一個(gè)賓語的動詞叫單賓語及物動詞。常見的有:accept, admire, admit, affect, afford, announce, borrow, bury, celebrate, cover, defeat, defend, destroy, devote, discover, educate, enjoy, equip, explain, forget, guess, invent, love, post, raise, supply, use等。 應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1、一些常用作不及物動詞有時(shí)也可作單賓語及物動詞,但詞義往往有差別。如:
Oranges grow in Spain. 橘子長在西班牙。
Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables. 我們那個(gè)地方的農(nóng)民種植很多蔬菜。
Does this color run after being washed? 洗過之后顏色褪嗎?
My father runs a big shoe factory. 我父親經(jīng)營一家大鞋廠。
2、有時(shí)賓語后必須加上一個(gè)與賓語有關(guān)的狀語,否則句子就不完整。 如:
You can put the dishes in the kitchen. 你可以把碟子放到櫥房里。
You place me in a difficult position. 你使我陷于困境。
She laid the papers on my desk. 她把報(bào)紙放在了我的桌子上。
3、可用作動詞賓語的成分有:名詞、代詞、不定式、動詞的-ing形式、從句等。如:
She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage. 她推動了登臺演出的機(jī)會。(名詞作賓語)
I prefer to make web pages. 他更喜歡做網(wǎng)頁。(不定式作賓語)
She admitted having taken my suitcase by mistake. 她承認(rèn)錯(cuò)拿了我的提包。(動詞的-ing形式作賓語)
I am wondering if they include me. 我不知道他們是否包括我。
4、常含有“使人…”的表心理的動詞有:astonish, delight, bore, confuse, excite, encourage, discourage, disappoint, disturb, entertain, frighten, interest, inspire, move, please, puzzle, satisfy, surprise, terrify, touch, tire, worry, amuse, amaze, shake, relax等。這些動詞都可有兩種形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化形式,即-ed形式和-ing形式。這些動詞的.主語既可以是人,也可以是物,只要能發(fā)出“使人…。”的行為即可。如:
That our team has won the cup encouraged all of us present. 我們的隊(duì)奪得出獎杯,真令每一個(gè)在場的人鼓舞。
She was surprised at his rudeness that she burst into tears. 她對他的粗魯感到吃驚,她哭了。
These children are really disturbing; they are making lots of noises. 這些孩子真煩人。
四、S + V + O1 +O2 (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object 主語+動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語)
這一句型可根據(jù)動詞所跟賓語的情況分為以下幾種情況:
1、可改為 “to 型”的動詞:bring, extend, give, hand, offer, pass, pay, post, promise, read, return, sell, send, serve, show, spare, teach, telephone, tell, wish等。如:
She promised me a nice gift on Christmas Day. (=She promised a nice gift to me on Christmas Day.) 她答應(yīng)在圣誕節(jié)給我一件精美的禮物。
2、可改為“for 型”的動詞:build, buy, choose, draw, find, get, keep, make, order, paint, save等。如:
I’ll find you a good chance as long as you won’t lose heart. (=I’ll find a good chance for you as long as you won’t lose heart.)只要你不失去信心,我會給找個(gè)好機(jī)會的。
3、既可改為“to 型”又可改為“for 型”的動詞:cause, fetch, sing等。如:
Fetch me some wine. (Fetch some wine to/for me.) 給我拿些酒來。
4、do 要根據(jù)情況換為“to 型”或“for 型”。如:
The poisonous gases will do harm to us all. 這些有毒氣體對我們有害。
Will you do a favor for me, please? 請您賞個(gè)臉,好嗎?
五、S + V + O+ C (Subject + Verb +Object + Complement 主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語)
可作賓語補(bǔ)足語的詞或短語有:名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞的-ing形式、動詞的-ed形式等。分別總結(jié)如下:
1、可跟形容詞作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:believe, consider, cut, dye, drive, find, get, imagine, judge, keep, leave, make, paint, push, set, think等。如:
They painted the door red. 他們把門漆成了紅色。
Keep the children quiet, please. 使孩子們保持安靜。
We all imagine him foolish. 我們都認(rèn)為他傻。
2、可用名詞短語作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:call, name, consider, elect, find, keep, make, choose, wish 等。如:
We all call the baby Sara. 我們都稱這個(gè)嬰兒莎拉。
I find him a reliable man. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是可信賴的人。
3、可帶to 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, invite, get, order, oblige, permit, persuade, require, tell, teach, want, wish, warn等。如:
We have invited all our friends to come. 我們已邀請我們所有的朋友都來。
4、可用“to be + n./a.”作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:believe, consider, declare, feel, find, imagine, know, suppose, understand, prove, 等。此時(shí)to be 可省略。如:
We found him (to be) a suitable man for this work. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是干這活的合適的人選。
5、可用不帶to不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, look at, listen to, watch等。強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語已做完的行為。在變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí),需要加to.如:
She noticed a car crash into a big tree nearby. 他注意到一輛小汽車撞到了附近的大樹上。
A car was noticed to crash into a big tree nearby. (變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)加to)
6、可用動詞的-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:
see, hear, keep, catch, find, have, watch, smell, observe, look at, listen to等。強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語正在進(jìn)行的行為。如:
We last saw the boy playing nearby the river bank. 我們最近還看到那個(gè)小男孩在河邊玩。
7、可用動詞的-ed形式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:have, get, make, find, feel, see, hear, think, watch等。如:
I saw the boy punished by his parents 我看見孩子被他父母懲罰了。
8、可用as/for引出的介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:regard, consider, elect, treat, choose, recognize, use等。如:
HongKong is recognized as part of China. 香港被公認(rèn)為中國的一部分。
9、可用副詞作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有: get, find, let, drive, shut, see, lead, show, invite, ask等。
Please show Jack in. 請把杰克請進(jìn)來。
Mr. Rich drove me home safe. 瑞奇先生開車把我安全送到家。 (home為副詞作me的賓語補(bǔ)足語)
六、There + be/seem/happen, etc. + S (There + be/seem/happen, etc. +主語)
常有于there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞有:be, seem, appear, happen, exist等。在這種句型中,謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式靠最貼近謂語的主語而定。如:
There is a writing desk, a computer and piles of books in the room. 在屋子里有一張寫字臺,一臺計(jì)算機(jī)和幾堆書。
There seemed to be no one who really understood me. 似乎沒人能理解我。
在There be句型中如果地點(diǎn)狀語放于句首,there有些也可以省略。如:
In front of our school (there) runs a clean and clear stream. 我們學(xué)校門前流淌著一條整潔、清澈的小溪。
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