亚洲一级免费看,特黄特色大片免费观看播放器,777毛片,久久久久国产一区二区三区四区,欧美三级一区二区,国产精品一区二区久久久久,人人澡人人草

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語句子

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語句子 | 樓主 | 2017-07-14 16:15:33 共有3個(gè)回復(fù)
  1. 1國(guó)際商務(wù)英語廖英短語句子翻譯
  2. 2自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語_句子翻譯
  3. 3國(guó)際商務(wù)英語教材重點(diǎn)翻譯句子

商品交換或貿(mào)易國(guó)外直接投資,通過分清各方權(quán)利和責(zé)任避免產(chǎn)生沖突,消費(fèi)者可支配收入越大其改變購買結(jié)構(gòu)能力也越大,對(duì)商務(wù)知識(shí)的了解可避免產(chǎn)生國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的一些問題。

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語廖英短語句子翻譯2017-07-14 16:12:40 | #1樓回目錄

商品交換或貿(mào)易exchangeortradeforgoods國(guó)外直接投資-foreigndirectinvestment

有價(jià)證券投資-portfolioinvestments

有效經(jīng)營(yíng)effectiveoperationoroperateeffectively普通合伙企業(yè)-generalpartnership

董事會(huì)-boardofdirectors

資本攤繳-capitalcontribution

優(yōu)先股股東-preferredstockholder

公司章程-articlesofincorporation

最終消費(fèi)者(用戶)-ultimateconsumer

存貨控制-inventorycontrol

市場(chǎng)分區(qū)(分片)-marketsegment

購買動(dòng)機(jī)motivationtopurchase

采購制度torequestbids

產(chǎn)品規(guī)格productspecifications

可自由支配收入discretionaryincome

市場(chǎng)總銷售totalmarketsales

分銷渠道channelsofdistribution

促銷技巧promotionaltechniques

擴(kuò)展性的貨幣政策anexpansionarymonetarypolicy緊縮性的貨幣政策arestrictivemonetarypolicy經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條economicdepression

1.todifferfrom…-tobedifferentfrom..

Technicalknow-howdiffersfromtechnologyinasense技術(shù)訣竅在某種意義上不同于技術(shù)

http://www.lady-power.com utemphasison…-toattachimportanceto..

Thegovernmenthasputmushemphasisontheexportationofmechanicalandelectricalproducts.

政府特別重視機(jī)械和電氣的出口業(yè)務(wù)

3.tobelikelyto..–tobepossibleto..

Thepresentinflationislikelytoendupinafewmonthssincethegovernmentistakingstrongmeasurestocopewithit.

目前的通脹很可能在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)結(jié)束,當(dāng)政府開始采取強(qiáng)有力的措施應(yīng)對(duì)他

4.tobeunfamiliarwith..–tobeunknownto..

It’sdifficulttobeaqualifiedsalesmanifyouareunfamiliarwithimportandexportprocedures

這很難成為一個(gè)合格的推銷員,如果你不熟悉進(jìn)出口手續(xù)

5.tohaveimpacton..–tohaveinfluenceon對(duì)。。有影響

Poormanagementhasanotableimpactonthebenefitsanenterprisegains

管理缺失將顯著的影響企業(yè)的收益

6.tobecriticalto..–tobeimportantto對(duì)。。十分關(guān)鍵

Thegovernment’sassistanceisquitecriticaltothosesmallenterprisesthathavejuststartedexportingbusiness

政府的援助對(duì)于那些剛剛開始把業(yè)務(wù)出口的企業(yè)是相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵的

7.tobecomparedto..–tobeformedacontrastwith..與。。對(duì)比Thiscompanycan’tbecomparedtotheonedescribedaboveintermsofcompetitivesurvival

本公司不可以與上面介紹的公司進(jìn)行生存競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

8.tobeclearthat..-tobeknownthat..對(duì)。。清楚

Whoshouldbeclearthatgoodmanagementinaserviceindustryliketourismisjustasimportantasinvestment

誰應(yīng)該清楚,良好的管理在服務(wù)行業(yè)如旅游,是像投資一樣重要

Fromtheabove,wecansay,busineisacombinationofalltheseactivities,production,distributionandsale,throughwhich

profitoreconomicsurpluswillbecreated.

根據(jù)以上分析,商務(wù)活動(dòng)可以理解為是生產(chǎn),分配和銷售活動(dòng)的組合,通過這些活動(dòng)創(chuàng)造利潤(rùn)或經(jīng)濟(jì)盈余。

Buttherelativeimportanceoftradeinthetotalpicturehasdeclinedtootherformsofcross-borderbusinetransactionswhichhaveexpandedmorerapidly.

已經(jīng)傾斜到其他國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)中,并且迅速的發(fā)展起來

Theneedhasbecomerecognizedforacontinuingbusineintelligenceactivityofconsiderablecomplexitytoidentifyandpredictinternationalrisks.已經(jīng)成為公認(rèn)的商業(yè)情報(bào)活動(dòng)的持續(xù)的可觀的復(fù)雜性國(guó)際風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別和預(yù)測(cè)。

Ideallyinternationalrisksshouldbeanalyzedforunderlyingcausalforced,andprojectionsintothefutureshouldbeformulatedintermsofprobabilitiesandquantifiedintermsofpotentialcosts.

理想的作法是,應(yīng)該分析國(guó)際風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗菨撛跁?huì)產(chǎn)生因果關(guān)系的力量,制定可能的未來計(jì)劃,并把潛在的成本數(shù)量化。

Whenremittanceisadoptedininternationaltrade,thebuyeronhisowninitiativeremitsmoneytothesellerthroughabankaccordingtothetermsandtimestipulatedinthecontract.

對(duì)外貿(mào)易的貨款如果采用匯,買方在主動(dòng)匯寄給賣方的錢通過銀行根據(jù)合同約定的條件和時(shí)間。

Ageneralpartnershipisanassociationoftwoormorepersonstocarryon,asco-owners,abusineforprofit.

一般合伙企業(yè)是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上合伙人作為企業(yè)共有人,共同建立以盈利為目的的聯(lián)盟體

Thus,unlikeacorporation,apartnershipisnotafictionalpersonwithadistinctlegalexistenceapartfromitsmembers.因此和公司不同,合伙企業(yè)不是獨(dú)立與其成員而合伙存在的法人

Theexistenceofsuchanagreementoftenhelpstoavoidconflictbyclarifyingtherightsandresponsibilitiesoftheparties.通過分清各方權(quán)利和責(zé)任避免產(chǎn)生沖突

Dividendsareportionsofcorporateearningsdistributiontoshareholders.Theyaredeclaredbytheboardofdirectors.紅利是分配給股東的一定比例的公司收益

Sotheroleofwholesalingandretailingistohandlethedistributionfunctionsmoreefficientlyandeffectivelywithverylittleriskandminimalinvestment.

因此批發(fā)和零售的作用是低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和低投資的前提下更有效地履行銷售職能

Thebiggestwinnersaregenerallythefranchisers,whogainfastandselectivedistributionofitsproductswithoutincurringthehighcostofconstructingandoperatingitsownoutlets.

特許經(jīng)營(yíng)模式最大的贏家是許可人,可以快速有選擇性進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品分銷而不需要承擔(dān)籌建和運(yùn)營(yíng)商店的高額成本

Becauseofpoormanagement,insufficientmarketingresearch,poormarketingplanning,orover-expansion,管理不善,市場(chǎng)調(diào)研部充分,營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃不完善或過度開張

Marketingactivitiesincludesuchthingsasmarketingresearchretailing,salesforcemanagement,advertising,andtransportation.

市場(chǎng)活動(dòng)包括市場(chǎng)調(diào)研零售,銷售隊(duì)伍管理,廣告運(yùn)輸。

Thebeliefthatawholefirmmustbecoordinatedtoserveitspresentandpotentialcustomersandtodosoataprofit.

理念=公司必須協(xié)調(diào)一致服務(wù)現(xiàn)有的和潛在的客戶,然后從中獲利。

Demandforthefirstisderivedfromdemandforthesecond上游企業(yè)需求衍生對(duì)下游企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的需求

Thegreaterone’sdiscretionaryincomeis,thegreaterisone’sabilitytoshiftbuyingpatterns.

消費(fèi)者可支配收入越大,其改變購買結(jié)構(gòu)能力也越大

Dependsonhowoftenitispurchased,itssignificancetothebuyer,andthebuyer’spreferenceforaspecificbrand.

取決于商品被購買的頻率,對(duì)購買者的價(jià)值以及購買者對(duì)某一品牌的偏好

Firmswillevaluatetheirowncosts,currentpricinglaws,whatthecompetitionisdoing,andthetypesofdiscountsandtermsofsalesthatarecustomaryintheindustry.

企業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)自身成本,現(xiàn)行的定價(jià)法則,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀況,折扣類型

Becausethegrowingscaleandcomplexityofbusinetransactionsacronotionalboundariesgivesrisetonewanduniqueproblemsofmanagementandgovernmentpolicythathavereceivedinadequateattentionintraditionalareasofbusineandeconomics.

因?yàn)榭鐕?guó)商務(wù)活動(dòng)日益增加的范圍和復(fù)雜性,引起了管理或政策方面新的特殊問題,這些問題在傳統(tǒng)的商業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中沒有受到足夠的重視。

Thefieldencompassesinternationaltransactionsincommodities,internationaltransfersofintangiblessuchastechnologyanddata,andtheperformanceofinternationalservicessuchasbankingandtransportation.

他包括有形的商品買賣,無形商品的轉(zhuǎn)移和國(guó)際服務(wù)的履行.

Theword“credit”meanswhotakestheresponsibilityofpayingmoneyandsurrenderingtheshippingdocumentswhichrepresentthetitletothegoodsinhandingoverthetransactedgoodsandpayingtheabovesaidmoney.

商業(yè)信用是指貨物的交換和貨款的支付上,由誰承擔(dān)付款和提供代表貨物所有權(quán)的訂貨單據(jù)。

Thesellerissuesadraft,towhichtheshippingdocumentsareattached,forwardsthedrafttoabankinhisplace,makesanapplicationforcollectionandentruststheremittingbanktocollectthepurchasepricefromthebuyerthroughitscorrespondentbankabroad.

賣方開立匯票,連同貨運(yùn)單據(jù)一起寄給本地銀行,申請(qǐng)采用托收付款方式,委托托收銀行通過向其國(guó)外的來往銀行下托收匯款。Thefactorstobeweighedinmakingthedecisionareeaseofformation,financialresourcesavailable,control,taxation,managementskillsavailable,abilitytoraisecapital,continuity,andlegalcapacity.

做決策時(shí)需要考慮的因素是創(chuàng)建的難易程度,現(xiàn)有的財(cái)務(wù)實(shí)力,控制權(quán)問題,稅收,管理技能籌資能力,延續(xù)性和合法的能力范圍。

Inthisprocebusineaffairsareputinorder,receivablesarecollected,accountingsandpaymentstocreditorsaremade,andtheremainingassetsaredistributedtothepartnersasprovidedintheUniformPartnershipAct.

在解放之后和終止前,清理問題就出現(xiàn)了,在清算過程中需要理清企業(yè)各項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù),收起應(yīng)收賬款,做出會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表,償還債權(quán)人剩

余資產(chǎn)分配合伙人。

Inexchangeforthisright,thefranchiseemustagreetoabidebythepoliciesofthefranchiserinoperatingthebusineandpayaninitialfee(andoftenmonthlyroyaltiesaswell)tothefranchiser.

為了能夠獲得特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán),受許可人必須同意遵守特許人制定的經(jīng)營(yíng)政策,而且必須支付一筆初始轉(zhuǎn)讓費(fèi)(和按月支付特許經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi))給許可人

Economics,whichisuniversallyacknowledgedtohavefallenunderthecategoryofsocialscience,hasbeendefinedasthescienceofallocatingscarceresourcesandseekstoanalyzeanddescribetheproduction,distributionandconsumptionofwealth.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)定義為,是配置稀缺資源及試著分析和描述生產(chǎn),分配和消費(fèi)的學(xué)科。

Itisconcernedwithhowresourcesareusedtoproduceandmarketgoodsinboththeprivateandpublicsectors.他是關(guān)于在私人和公共部門資源如何被用于生產(chǎn)。

Productplanninginvolvesidentifyingthebuyer’sneeds,workingupapreliminarydesignofthemerchandise,checking

toseethattheproductdesignmeetstheexpectationsofbuyers,settlingontheproduct’sfinalspecifications,selectingthebrandnamefortheproduct,determiningthetypeofpackagingtobeused,anddecidingwhatservicestoofferwiththeproduct.

產(chǎn)品策劃包括確認(rèn)消費(fèi)者需求,產(chǎn)品初步設(shè)計(jì),確認(rèn)產(chǎn)品滿足消費(fèi)者期望,決定產(chǎn)品最終規(guī)格,選擇產(chǎn)品品牌,確定包裝,決定相關(guān)服務(wù)

自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語_句子翻譯2017-07-14 16:14:13 | #2樓回目錄

LESSON1INTERNATIONALBUSINESS國(guó)際商務(wù)

1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易,它涉及到許多因素,因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。Internationalbusinereferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticcountries.

2.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展,很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此,在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的,這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Therefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.

3.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。

Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinearemanagementcontract,contractmanufacturing,andturnkeyproject.

4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn),即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。

Internationalbusinefirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.

5.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資,國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。

Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.

6.國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易在法制體系、貨幣、文化和自然條件與經(jīng)濟(jì)條件方面都有所不同。

Internationalbusineanddomesticbusinearequitedifferentinlegalsystems,currency,cultureandnaturalandeconomicconditions.

7.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展,無形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大。

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,invisibletradeaccountsforanincreasingproportionoftheworldtradeeveninthedevelopingcountries.

8.國(guó)際投資是國(guó)際商務(wù)的另一個(gè)重要形式,可分為外國(guó)直接投資和證券投資兩大領(lǐng)域。

Internationalinvestmentisanotherformofinternationalbusineandcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories,foreigndirectinvestmentandportfolioinvestment.

9.對(duì)商務(wù)知識(shí)的了解可避免產(chǎn)生國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的一些問題。

Knowledgeofbusinewillavoidgivingrisetosomeproblemsinrespectofinternationalbusineactivities.

10.BOT是“交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式。

BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyproject.

22

LESSON2收入水平與世界市場(chǎng)

INCOMELEVELANDTHEWORLDMARKET

11.國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。

GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry’sincome.

ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.

12.要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力,人們往往要分析其收入水平,因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁徺I力高低提供了線索。Inassessingthepotentialofamarket,peopleoftenlookatitsincomelevelsinceitprovidescluesaboutthepurchasingpowerofitsresidents.

13.世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域:高收入國(guó)家,中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。

CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middleincomeandlowincome.

14.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上,但幾年前它還是一個(gè)低收入的國(guó)家。

Chinawithanannualpercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddleincomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.

15.就中國(guó)來說,周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng),如亞洲四小虎、東盟國(guó)家、俄羅斯等國(guó),這些國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力,能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。

AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russiaetc.thosearecountrieswithverypromisingmarketpotentialandcanoffergoodbusineopportunitiestoChina.

16.日本和中國(guó)是重要貿(mào)易伙伴,兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ),又是一衣帶水的近鄰。中日貿(mào)易關(guān)系對(duì)兩國(guó)都有重要的意義。

Withmutuallycomplementaryeconomy,JapanandChinaaremajortradepartners,andthetwocountriesarecloseneighborsseparatedbyastripofwater.Sino-Japanesebusinerelationsarethereforeofgreatimportancetobothcountries.

22

LESSON3地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化

REGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATION

17.過去的幾十年,地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來越重要。

Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceofregionaleconomicintegration.

18.最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū),它是由美國(guó),加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。

ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeArea,formedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.

19.經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收,政府開支,企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致,而且還應(yīng)使用同一的貨幣。Themembersofaneconomicunionarerequiredtonotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.butalsousethesamecurrency.

20.歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一,此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定,并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。

TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansoftheEU.ItisthebodywhichputsproposalstotheCouncilofMinistersfordecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheirdutiesunderthetreaty.

21.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席,分別為澳大利亞,美國(guó),加拿大,日本,韓國(guó),新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。

APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustraliacapitalCanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandSixASEANcountries.

22.為了更好地分享商品,服務(wù),勞動(dòng)以及其他資源自由流動(dòng)帶來的好處,各國(guó)簽署了各種協(xié)議,促進(jìn)成員國(guó)間的貿(mào)易自由化。

Tobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources,countrieshavesignedvariousagreementstoliberalizetradeamongthem.

23.歐盟各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的成功一體化降低了跨境交易成本,實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì),歐洲企業(yè)也在更激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中提高了效率。

ThesuccessfulintegrationofEuropeaneconomieseliminatedthecostofcross-bordertransactions,realizedbettereconomiesofscaleandmadetheEuropeancompaniesmoreefficientthroughmoreintensecompetition.

24.除了區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化,各國(guó)還可能建立商品卡特爾控制某種商品的產(chǎn)量和定價(jià)來為相關(guān)產(chǎn)品尋求更高或更穩(wěn)定的價(jià)格。

Besidesregionaleconomicintegration,countriesmayformacommoditycarteltocontroltheproduction,pricingandsaleofparticulargoodssoastoseekhigherandmorestablepricesfortherelevantgoods.

22

LESSON4經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化

ECONOMICGLOBALIZATION

25.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì),同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴,相互影響。Economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusandopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive.

26.跨國(guó)公司是在一個(gè)以上的國(guó)家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。

Amultinationalenterpriseisabusineorganizationthatowns,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.

27.許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來的好處、但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。

Whilemanypeopleareacclaimingthebenefitsbroughtaboutbyeconomicglobalization,therearealsoloudvoicesofopposition.

28.跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例。

Thetransferoftheintra-MNEtransactionsconstitutesaverysignificantproportionoftotalinternationaltrade.

29.盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司,但重要決策,如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等都由母公司來決定。

Althoughtheday-to-dayrunningofcorporateoperationsmaybedecentralizedtotheaffiliateMNCs,themajordecisions,suchasthoseoncorporategoalsandnewinvestmentsaremadebytheparentcompany.

30.無論人們是否喜歡,經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)客觀趨勢(shì)。

Likeitornot,economicglobalizationhasbecomeanobjectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.

31.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化不僅涉及經(jīng)濟(jì),而且對(duì)政治、文化、價(jià)值觀和生活方式都有重要影響。

Economyisnottheonlyelementinvolvedinglobalizationsinceitalsohasanimportantbearingonpolitics,culture,valueandwayoflife.

32.如果一家跨國(guó)公司是原來的投資公司,它便稱為母公司,一般也是這家國(guó)際企業(yè)組織的總部。IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,whichisnormallyalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.

33.除了總部以外,跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織也可能有不同的地區(qū)總部和業(yè)務(wù)總部。

AnMNEmayalsohavevariousregionalandoperationalheadquarters,inadditiontointernationaltrade.

22

34.一些跨國(guó)企業(yè)有許多年的歷史,它們的收入每年以兩位數(shù)的速度增長(zhǎng),扣除通貨膨脹因素比許多國(guó)家的GDP增長(zhǎng)還快。

SomeMNEshaveahistoryofmanyyearsandtheirdoubledigitgrowthrateofrevenueadjustedforinflationishigherthanthatoftheGDPofmanycountries.

35.在當(dāng)今世界里,跨國(guó)企業(yè)是一種可以跨越邊界轉(zhuǎn)移資源的非常重要的途徑。

ourworldtoday,theInmultinationalenterprisesareveryimportantvehiclesforthetransferofresourcesacronationalboundaries.

36.技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場(chǎng)是跨國(guó)企業(yè)帶給不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的利益。

Technology,capitalandreadymarketsaresortofbenefitsMNEsbringtoledevelopedhostcountries.

LESSON5國(guó)際貿(mào)易

INTERNATIONALTRADE(Ⅰ)

37.在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中,沒有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。

Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.

38.隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素,即國(guó)際專門化。

Withthedevelopmentofmanufactureandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefortrade, http://www.lady-power.com ernationalspecialization.

39.按照比較利益學(xué)說,兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。

Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,bothtradepartnerscanbenefitfromtrade.

40.比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念,一個(gè)國(guó)家可以通過自己的行動(dòng)發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagethroughitsownaction.

41.比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。

Theideaofcomparativeadvantagehasbecomethecornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade.

42.絕對(duì)利益學(xué)說和比較利益學(xué)說是國(guó)際專門化中的兩種理論。

Absoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagearetwotheoriesofinternationalspecialization.

22

LESSON6國(guó)際貿(mào)易

INTERNATIONALTRADE(Ⅱ)

43.一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。

Thecostofaproductwilldecreasewiththeexpansionofproductionscale.

44.在實(shí)際中,即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利,也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。

Inreality,completespecializationmaynevertakeplaceeventhoughitiseconomicallyadvantageous.

45.配額或者說數(shù)量限制是最常見的關(guān)稅壁壘。

Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.

46.有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易,而無形貿(mào)易涉及的是國(guó)家間的勞務(wù)交換。

Thevisibletradeistheimportantandexportofgoods,andtheinvisibletradeistheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.

47.國(guó)家從事的貿(mào)易種類是多樣的、復(fù)雜的,往往是有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易的混合。

Thekindsoftradenationsengageinarevariedandcomplex,oftenamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.

48.各國(guó)政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施也是貿(mào)易障礙,典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。

Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentsarealsobarrierstotrade,andtypicalexamplesaretariffsandquotas.

49.“自愿”這個(gè)說法一般意味著進(jìn)口國(guó)已經(jīng)威脅在自愿合作不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況下將實(shí)行更大的限制!皏oluntary”labelgenerallymeansthattheimportingcountryhasthreatenedtoimposeevenTheworserestrictionsifvoluntarycooperationisnotforthcoming.

50.大保險(xiǎn)公司為國(guó)際貿(mào)易提供保險(xiǎn)服務(wù),并通過為其他國(guó)家的外貿(mào)保險(xiǎn)而收取費(fèi)用。

Largeinsurancecompaniesprovideserviceforinternationaltradeandearnfeesforinsuringothernation’sforeigntrade.

51.許多國(guó)家可能有美麗的風(fēng)景,名勝古跡或只是溫和的充滿陽光的氣候,這些國(guó)家吸引著大批旅游者。Manycountriesmayhavebeautifulscenery,wonderfulattractions,placesofhistoricalinterest,ormerelyamildandsunnyclimate.Thesecountriesattractlargenumbersoftourists.

52.勞務(wù)輸出輸入可以是個(gè)人,或是由公司甚至國(guó)家組織。對(duì)一些國(guó)家來說,它正在成為一種重要的無形貿(mào)易形式。

Importandexportoflaborservicemaybeundertakenbyindividuals,ororganizedbycompaniesorevenbystates.Andthisisbecominganimportantanimportantkindofinvisibletradeforsomecountries.

22

LESSON7國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則

INCOTERMS2000

53.包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行,在大多數(shù)情況下,賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。Packingshouldbemadeaccordingtotherequirementoftransportation.Inmostcases,thesellerknowsclearlytheparticulartypeofpackingrequiredfortransportingthegoodssafelytodestination.

54.在許多情況下,應(yīng)通知買方在賣方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定,否則買方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。

Inmanycases,thebuyershallbenotifiedtogothroughtheinspectionofgoodsatorbeforethetimeofshipment.Unleotherwisespecified,thebuyerissupposedtoundertakethechargesofinspectionthusincurredforhisownsake.

55.進(jìn)口商可以通過可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣給新的買方,這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來非常方便。Theimportercansellthegoodstoanewbuyerwhiletheyarebeingcarriedbymeansofnegotiableshippingdocumentswhichareveryconvenientforuse.

56.在所有條款中,買賣雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在10項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。

Underallterms,therespectiveobligationsofthebuyerandtheselleraregroupedunder10headings.

57.2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展,商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增加,以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。

The2000revisionofIncotermstookaccountofthespreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunication,andthechangesintransportpractices.

22

LESSON8商業(yè)合同

THEBUSINESSCONTRACT

58.合同依法實(shí)施,未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴,并被強(qiáng)制作出賠償。

Acontractisenforceablebylaw,andthepartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.

59.口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話進(jìn)行的商談。

Oralbusinenegotiationsrefertoface-to-facediscussionsorthoseconductedthroughinternationaltrunkcalls.

60.買方發(fā)出的詢盤是為了獲得擬定購商品的有關(guān)信息,它對(duì)發(fā)出詢盤的人無約束力。

Enquiriesmadebythebuyeraretogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeordered,andarenotbindingontheinquirer.

61.有效期對(duì)于確盤是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前,或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤一直是有效的。Thevalidityperiodisindispensabletoafirmoffer,thatremainsvaliduntilastipulatedtimeoruntilitisacceptedorrejected.

62.還盤是對(duì)發(fā)盤的拒絕,一旦做出還盤,原報(bào)盤即失效而失去約束力。

Acounter-offerisarefusalofAtheofferwhichwillbeinvalidandunbindingonceacounter-offerismade.

63.合同是在雙方所達(dá)成的協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上制定的,而協(xié)議又是雙方進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。ContractTheisbasedonagreement,whichistheresultofbusinenegotiations.

64.答復(fù)詢盤時(shí),出口商可以寄去一個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)單,其中應(yīng)包括詢盤中所要求的所有必要的信息。

Inresponsetoanenquiry,aquotationmaybesentbytheexporterwhichshouldincludeallthenecessaryinformationrequiredbytheenquiry.

65.收到發(fā)盤的人可能發(fā)現(xiàn)該盤的一部分不能接受,并可能提出他自己的建議供進(jìn)一步討論,這就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)還盤。

Theoffereemayfindpartoftheofferunacceptableandmayraiseforfurtherdiscussionshisownproposalswhichconstituteacounteroffer.

66.不管業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商是以書面還是口頭進(jìn)行,一旦發(fā)盤或還盤被接受,便認(rèn)為是達(dá)成了交易。

Nomatterwhetherbusinenegotiationisconductedorallyorbywayofwriting,transactionisconsideredconcludedonceanofferoracounter-offerisaccepted.

67.合同的構(gòu)成同貿(mào)易協(xié)定或任何其他種類的正式協(xié)定類似。

Thesettingupofacontractissimilartothatofatradeagreementoranyothertypeofformalagreements.

22

LESSON9貿(mào)易方式

MODESOFTRADE

68.對(duì)銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的,如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類的問題。Thecountertradeisgenerallyassociatedwithpolicyobjectivesofrelevantcountrieslikedealingwithforeignexchangeandpromotionofexports.

69.實(shí)質(zhì)上,反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。

Inessence,countertradereferstothedirectexchangeofassortedkindsofgoodsandservices.

70.回購貿(mào)易和互購貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購貿(mào)易一般比互購貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。Anotherimportantdifferenceisthatabuybackdealusuallystretchesoveralongerperiodoftimethanacounterpurchasedeal.

71.在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中,由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段,貨物的買與賣是分別進(jìn)行的。

InnormalmarketIntransactionsbuyingandsellingofgoodsareunbundled,becauseoftheuseofmoneyandthemarket.

72.盡管有很多好處,反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。

Despiteallitsadvantages,countertradecanbeveryriskybusiness.

在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。

Amongothermodesoftradeareprocessingtrade,consign-ment,leasingtrade,agencyetc.

22

LESSON10國(guó)際支付

INTERNATIONALPAYMENT

73.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。

Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfillthecontract.

74.為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì),各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來。

Variousmethodsofpaymenthavebeendevelopedtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade.

75.許多國(guó)際交易是通過匯票支付的,匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。

Alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidforbymeansofthedraft,whichisanordertoabankoracustomertopay.

76.即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。

Documentsagainstpaymentatsightrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.

77.就出口商而言,即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利,付款交單比承兌交單有利。

Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcernedD\PatsightismorefavorablethanD\Paftersight,andD\PismorefavorablethanD\A.

78.信用證的目的是通過銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利。

TheobjectiveofanL/Cistofacilitateinternationalpaymentbymeansofthecreditworthineofthebank.

79.只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下,才保證向受益人付款。

Theletterofcreditonlyassurespaymenttothebeneficiaryprovidedthetermsandconditionsofthecreditarefulfilled.

80.只要所有單據(jù)都符合信用證的規(guī)定,便認(rèn)為銀行履行了職責(zé)。Thebankswillbeconsideredashavingfulfilledtheirresponsibilitysolongasalldocumentscomplywiththestipulationsofthecredit.

81.信用證獨(dú)特而具有代表性的特征就是對(duì)買賣雙方所提供的雙邊保證。Theuniqueandcharacteristicfeatureoftheletterofcreditisthebilateralsecurityofferedtoboththesellerandthebuyer.

82.受益人如果發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證中有任何與合同不符之處,便要求開證人進(jìn)行修改,以便能保證安全及時(shí)地收到貨款。

Thebeneficiarywillrequesttheopenertomakeamendmentstoanydiscrepanciesinthecreditsoastoensuresafeandtimelypayment.

22

LESSON11信用證

THELETTEROFCREDIT(Ⅰ)

83.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。

IninternationaltradeitisalmostimpossibleIntomatchpaymentwiththephysicaldeliveryofthegoods.

84.信用證付款方式對(duì)買賣雙方都提供保障。

Themethodofpaymentbytheletterofcreditofferssecuritytoboththesellerandthebuyer.

85.現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開始采用,第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。

Moderncreditswereintroducedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandhadsubstantialdevelopmentaftertheFirstWorldWar.

86.要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過大,要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開證行不完全信任,出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。Eitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehedoesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank,theexportermaysometimesrequireaconfirmedletterofcredit.

87.信用證的形式、長(zhǎng)短、語言和規(guī)定各不相同。

Lettersofcreditarevariedinform,length,languageandstipulations.

88.雖然保兌信用證能夠給受益人提供最大的付款保證,但它卻因保兌而增加了費(fèi)用。

Althoughaconfirmedcreditisabletoprovidethegreatestdegreeofsecuritytothebeneficiary,itinvolves4additionalcostasaresultoftheconfirmation.

89.即期信用證給予受益人最好的付款保障,并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。只要受益人向銀行提示匯票和準(zhǔn)確無誤的單據(jù),銀行便立即付款。

SightcreditgivesthebeneficiarybettersecurityandhelpsAhimspeeduphiscapitalturnover.Thebankwillmakepaymentprovidedthatthebeneficiarypresentsthedraftandimpeccabledocumentstoit.

90.如果信用證上沒有明確規(guī)定是否可以轉(zhuǎn)讓,根據(jù)信用證的規(guī)定,應(yīng)視為不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。

Ifacreditdoesnotspecifywhetheritistransferable,itshouldberegardedasanon-transferablecreditaccordingtothecreditstipulations.

91.循環(huán)信用證規(guī)定,其金額用過后,在未對(duì)其進(jìn)行特定修改的情況下,即可重新恢復(fù)到原金額。Revolvingcreditstipulatesthatitsamountcanberenewedorreinstatedwithoutspecificamendmenttothecreditbeingmade.

92.信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易,然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對(duì)的安全。

Theletterofcredithasgreatlyfacilitatedandpromotedinternationaltrade.However,itcannotprovideabsolutesecurityforthecontractingparties.

22

LESSON12信用證

THELETTEROFCREDIT(Ⅱ)

93.信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類。

Lettersofcreditareclassifiedintodifferenttypesaccordingtotheirfunction,form,andmechanism.

94.光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算,而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。

Cleanlettersofcreditaremainlyusedinnon-tradesettlement,whiledocumentarycreditsaregenerallyusedincommoditytrade.

95.在即期信用證情況下,提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。

Inthecaseofsightcredits,paymentcanbemadepromptlyuponpresentationofdraftandimpeccableshippingdocuments.

96.遠(yuǎn)期信用證顯然要使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票。付款期限可為30天、天甚至可長(zhǎng)達(dá)180天。

Ausancecreditobviouslycallsforatimedraft,andtheusancevariesfrom30,60,toaslongas180days.

97.如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人,那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受益人稱作第一受益人,接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的人稱作第二受益人。

Aletterofcreditiscalledtransferableifitcanbetransferredbyitsoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties.Theoriginalbeneficiaryiscalledfirstbeneficiary,andthepartythecreditistransferredtoiscalledthesecondbeneficiary.

補(bǔ)充:對(duì)于一筆具體交易來說,信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出最好的選擇。

Theletterofcreditmaynotbethemostidealmethodofpaymentforaparticulartransaction,andthecontractingpartiesshouldmaketheirbestchoiceaccordingtothespecificconditions.

22

LESSON13世界貿(mào)易中需要的主要單據(jù)

MAJORDOCUMENTSREQUIREDINWORLDTRADE

98.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要,否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。

Itisveryimportanttousecorrectdocumentsininternationaltrade;otherwisetheimporterwillhavedifficultiesintakingdeliveryofthegoods.

99.商業(yè)發(fā)票,一般稱為“發(fā)票”,這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。Thecommercialinvoice,generallycalledtheinvoicemakesageneraldescriptionofthequality,quantity,unitprice,andtotalvalueofthegoods.

100.貨物在運(yùn)輸過程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失,需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。

Itisnecessarytoinsurethegoodsagainstthepossibleriskstheyareexposedtointhecourseoftransportation.

101.已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。

Anonboardbillofladingindicatesthatthegoodshavebeenactuallyloadedonboardofthecarryingvesselboundfortheportofdestination.

102.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船,這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。

Acleanbillofladingreferstoonethatindicatesthegoodshavebeenshippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition,whichmeansitisdevoidofanyqualifyingremarksaboutthepackingandtheouterappearanceofthegoods.

103.同海運(yùn)提單類似的有用于航空運(yùn)輸?shù)目者\(yùn)提單和用于鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)蔫F路提單。

Thedocumentsimilartotheoceanbillofladingiscalledairwaybillforairtransportationandrailwaybillforrailwaytransportation.

104.提單的簽發(fā)日期絕不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時(shí)間。

Thedatewhenthebillofladingisissuedcanbynomeansbelaterthanthatstipulatedinthecredit.

22

LESSON14國(guó)際運(yùn)輸

INTERNATIONALTRANSPORTATION

105.毫無疑問,一個(gè)沒有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。

Thereisnodoubtthatasocietywithoutanadvancedtransportationsystemremainsprimitive.

106.這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同,從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。五種運(yùn)輸方式分別是:水路、鐵路、公路、管道及航空。

Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thefivemajormodesarewater,rail,truck,pipelineandair.

107.過去10年,公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來越大。

Thepastdecadehasseenanincreasingtendencyamongbusinefirmstoprovidetheirowntransportationcapability.

108.作為一個(gè)社會(huì),我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)更富裕,更消閑。

asociety,weenjoyaricherAsandmoreleisurelylifethanwewouldbeinatotallyself-sufficientcommunity.

109.最近幾年運(yùn)輸功能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來越多的使用零庫存系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的。

Anotherfactorthathasthrusttransportationintothelimelightinrecentyearsisthegrowingutilizationofjust-in-timeinventorysystems,onthebasisofaproductionapproachinwhichthefirmmaintainsverysmallquantitiesofproductioninputs.5

110.從正式的意義上來說,貨物運(yùn)輸可定義為商品和產(chǎn)品為經(jīng)濟(jì)目的進(jìn)行的移動(dòng)以及這種移動(dòng)對(duì)商業(yè)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步產(chǎn)生的影響。Inaformalsense,freighttransportationisdefinedastheeconomicmovementofcommoditiesandproductsandtheeffectofsuchmovementonthedevelopmentandadvancementofbusiness.

111.所有的運(yùn)輸方式以及其代表性的運(yùn)載工具在整個(gè)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)中起著重要的作用。

Allthemodesandtheirrepresentativecarriersplayimportantrolesintheoveralltransportationsystem.

22

LESSON15INSURANCE(Ⅰ)保險(xiǎn)

112.保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。通過保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。Insuranceisarisktransfermechanism,bywhichtheindividualorthebusineenterprisecanshiftsomeoftheuncertaintyoflifetotheshouldersofothers.

113.即使是在這種情況下,大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)來轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而不愿面對(duì)不確定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。

Evenunderthesecircumstances,mostofthefirmsprefertopayaknowncostorpremiumforthetransferofrisk,ratherthanfacetheuncertaintyofcarryingtheriskofloss.

114.對(duì)企業(yè)來說損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)也比一棟房子或一輛車高出許多。

Inthecaseofbusineenterprises,thevaluesexposedtoloareusuallymuchhigherandthepremiumchargedissubstantiallyhigherthanthatforahouseoracar.

115.企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可以騰出資金,進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。

Themainstimulustotheenterpriseisthereleaseoffundsforinvestmentintheproductionofotheritems.

116.因此,貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專門承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。

Therefore,cargoinsuranceisanactivityaimingatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheexportersandimporterstotheunderwriters.

117.轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人稱為投保人,承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人稱為承保人。

Thosewhotransferriskarecalledinsureds.Thosewhoassumeriskarecalledinsurers.

118.保險(xiǎn)是一種社會(huì)機(jī)制,人們?cè)诖藱C(jī)制下轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并從所有轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的成員所繳納的基金中提供損失賠償金。

Insuranceisasocialdeviceinwhichagroupofindividualstransferriskandprovidesforpaymentoflossesfromfundscontributedbyallmemberswhotransferredrisk.

119.貨物保險(xiǎn)是主要保險(xiǎn)中的一種。這些保險(xiǎn)通常有火險(xiǎn),海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故險(xiǎn)。

Cargoinsuranceisoneofthemainbranchesofinsurance.Theseareusuallylistedasfire,marine,lifeandaccident.

120.關(guān)于運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn),重要的一點(diǎn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的”。

Theimportantpointtorealizeabouttransportationinsuranceisthatitis“thehandmaidenofcommerce”.

121.他并非想挖空保險(xiǎn)基金,而寧愿讓貨物安全到達(dá)目的地。

Hedoesnotwanttoscoopthepool;hewouldpreferhiscargoestoreachtheirdestinationsafely.

22

LESSON16保險(xiǎn)

INSURANCE(Ⅱ)

122.沒有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無效的。而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。

Aninsurancecontractwithoutaninsurableinteresttosupportitisinvalidandanyclaimmadeuponitwillnotbeentertained.

123.盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無意的,但保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙。從而保險(xiǎn)合同無效。

Eventhoughthemis-statementisunintentional,theunderwriterwillstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable.

124.將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。

Acontractofinsuranceisonewhichrestoresapersonwhohassufferedalointothesamepositionashewasinbeforethelooccurred.

125.賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商定的百分比,如10%。

Thecompensationpayablegenerallyincludestheinvoicedcostplusfreight,theinsurancepremium,andanagreedpercentage,say10%.

126.如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因,保險(xiǎn)公司將不予賠償。

Theinsurancecompanywillnotentertaintheclaimiftheriskcoveredisnottheproximatecauseoftheloss.

127.人們對(duì)不“涉及自己利益”的東西投保就被認(rèn)為是“違背公共政策”。這就意味著鼓勵(lì)犯罪。Theinsuringofanythingbypeoplewhoarenot“interested”initisheldtobe“againstpublicpolicy”.Thismeansthatcrimewouldbeencouraged.

128.在貨物保險(xiǎn)中,如果我們了解使用的銷售條款,就知道在任何特定的時(shí)間誰擁有對(duì)貨物的權(quán)益。Incargoinsuranceweknowwhohasaninterestinthecargoatanyparticularpointoftime,ifweknowthetermsofsalewhichhavebeenarranged.

129.人們根據(jù)提議形式的書面聲明,決定某項(xiàng)保險(xiǎn)的保費(fèi)是否合理。

Thepeoplewhodecidewhatpremiumisfairforaparticularcoverdosoonthebasisofwrittenstatementsmadeinaproposalform.

130.損失費(fèi)用分?jǐn)傇瓌t規(guī)定同樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不能投保兩次,不能從兩個(gè)保險(xiǎn)人那里獲得賠償費(fèi)。Contributionholdsthatapersoncannotbeallowedtoinsuretwiceforthesamerisk,andclaimcompensationfrombothinsurers.

131.保險(xiǎn)公司有權(quán)利用被保人所享有的一切權(quán)利這一有利條件來減少其不得不承擔(dān)的損失。

Theinsurerisentitledtotheadvantageofeveryrightoftheassuredwhichwilldiminishthelohehasbeenforcedtobear.

22

LESSON17國(guó)際貨幣體系與匯率

THEINTERNATIONALMONETARYSYSTEM

ANDEXCHANGERATE

132.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前,金本位制建立了固定匯率制,每個(gè)國(guó)家通過將本國(guó)貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確定其貨幣的平價(jià)。

BeforetheFirstWorldWar,thegoldstandardcreatedafixedexchangeratesystem6aseachcountrypeggedthevalueofitscurrencytogoldtoestablishitsparvalue.

133.1944年44國(guó)在美國(guó)布雷頓森林舉行會(huì)議簽署了協(xié)議,計(jì)劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的合作。

In1944,44nationsheldaconferenceatBrettonWoods,U.S.A.,toplanbettercooperationinworldtradeandcurrencymatter.

134.彈性匯率制從沒有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動(dòng)。因?yàn)橹醒脬y行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對(duì)貨幣價(jià)格進(jìn)行干涉。

Theflexibleexchangeratesystemhasneverbeencleanfloatorfreefloat,becausethecentralbanktakesvariousmeasurestointerveneinthepriceofitscurrencyinordertostabilizetheexchangerate.

135.在特定條件下,提高利率可以吸引國(guó)外短期資金,提高一國(guó)的外匯匯率。

Underspecificconditions,highinterestratewillattractshort-terminternationalfund,increasingtheexchangerateofone’sowncurrency.

136.外匯匯率有三種形式,買進(jìn)匯率、即:售出匯率和兩者的平均值—中間匯率。

Therearethreetypesofforeignexchangepricenamely:thebuyingrate,thesellingrateandtheaverageoftheprevioustwothemedialrate.

22

LESSON18國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)

INTERNATIONALFINANCIALORGANIZATONS

137.這些機(jī)構(gòu)的共同目標(biāo)是通過把發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)椭@些國(guó)家提高生活水平。Thecommonobjectiveoftheseinstitutionsistohelpraisestandardsoflivingindevelopingcountriesbychannelingfinancialresourcestothemfromdevelopedcountries.

138.國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。

AsubstantialcontributiontotheIBRD’sresourcescomesfromitsretainedearningsandtheflowofrepaymentsonitsloans.

139.該銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供的。

TheloansofIBRDaredirectedtowarddevelopingcountriesatmoreadvancedstagesofeconomicandsocialgrowth.

140.國(guó)際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會(huì)員國(guó)提供中期貸款。

ThepurposeofIMFistoprovidemediumtermloanstothosememberswithpaymentdifficulties.

141.為了承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)使命,多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)向投資者提供擔(dān)保以防范非商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),向發(fā)展中成員國(guó)政府提供咨詢,并為國(guó)際商業(yè)界與東道國(guó)政府就投資問題安排對(duì)話。

Toundertakethismission,MIGoffersinvestorsguaranteesagainstnoncommercialrisks,advicesdevelopingmembergovernmentsonpoliciesandsponsorsdialoguesbetweentheinternationalbusinecommunityandhostgovernmentsoninvestmentissues.

LESSON19對(duì)外直接投資

FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENT

142.對(duì)外直接投資是國(guó)際投資的主要方式,一國(guó)居民為進(jìn)行督控和經(jīng)營(yíng)通過對(duì)外投資獲取另一國(guó)的資產(chǎn)。Foreigndirectinvestmentisthemajorformofinternationalinvestment,wherebyresidentsofonecountryacquireassetsinaforeigncountryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.

143.控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)外投資的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個(gè)重要方面。ControllingcostsisoneofthemajormotivationsforsomeenterprisestoengageinFDI.Andloweringproductioncostsisanimportantconsideration.

144.直接在國(guó)外經(jīng)營(yíng)提高一個(gè)公司產(chǎn)品的能見度,使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧?duì)他們所購買的商品更加放心。Operatingdirectlyabroadenhancesthevisibilityofafirm’sproducts,makinglocalcustomersfeelmoreassuredaboutthethingstheybuy.

145.即時(shí)庫存管理系統(tǒng)的引進(jìn)能最大限度地降低庫存從而提高經(jīng)營(yíng)效率。TheintroductionofJITinventorymanagementsystemcanminimizetheinventoryofthestocksoastoincreasetheefficiencyoftheoperation.

146.國(guó)外直接投資主要有三種形式:建立新企業(yè)、購買現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司。

FDIismainlypracticedinthreeforms:Buildingnewenterprises,purchasingexistingfacilitiesandformingjointventures.

LESSON20國(guó)際證券交易所

THEINTERNATIONALSTOCKEXCHANGE

147.選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價(jià)格購買或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。

Optionsarecontractsgivingtherighttobuyorsellasecurityatanagreedpricewithinaparticularperiodoftime.

148.未掛牌證券市場(chǎng)是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立了地位的,但是較小的,而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。Theunlistedsecuritiesmarketistomeettheneedsofestablished,butsmaller,lematurecompanies.

149.政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。

OneofthewaysthegovernmentmeetsthepublicSectorBorrowingRequirementisbysellinggilt-edgedstocks.

150.通過為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場(chǎng),股票交易所長(zhǎng)期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務(wù)。TheStockExchangehaslongservedtheneedsofgovernment,industryandinvestorsinprovidingthecentralmarketplacefortheissuingandtradingofsecurities.

151.國(guó)際股票交易所提供了一種途徑,使人們的存款能夠?yàn)槟切┬枰Y金的人所利用。

TheInternationalStockExchangeprovidesachannelthroughwhichthesavingscanreachthosewhoneedfinance.

LESSON21世界貿(mào)易組織與中國(guó)

THEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONANDCHINA

152.關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系(現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織)是通過一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來的,它最初有三個(gè)基本目標(biāo)。

TheGATTsystem(nowWTO)wasdevelopedthroughaseriesoftradenegotiationsorrounds.Itoriginallyhadthreebasicgoals.7

153.加入世界貿(mào)易組織對(duì)中國(guó)有益,因?yàn)樗鼘⒋龠M(jìn)中國(guó)的改革和發(fā)展,提高商品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量,降低商品成本和服務(wù)費(fèi)用,刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),改善法制。

China’sWTOaccessionwillbenefitChinabecauseitwillhelpadvanceitsreformanddevelopment,improvethequalityandreducethecostofgoodsandservices,spurinvestmentandthecreationofnewjobs,andpromotetheruleoflaw.

154.世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易、進(jìn)一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛解決機(jī)制。ThemainobjectivesofWTOaretopromotefreetrade,furtherreducetradebarriers,andestablishmoreeffectivetradedisputesettlementprocedures.

155.WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制是當(dāng)今國(guó)際水準(zhǔn)上的最為活躍的體系而且對(duì)國(guó)際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。TheWTOdisputesettlementsystemisthemostactiveonetodayattheinternationallevelandhastremendousimportancefortheprogressivedevelopmentofinternationallaw.

156.盡管中國(guó)取得了很大的成就,但仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險(xiǎn)業(yè),還有一部分來自于一些國(guó)家所采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施。

Despitealltheachievements,Chinastillfacesbigchallenges.Someofthechallengesandcompetitionarefromtheagriculturalsectorandbankingandinsuranceindustries.Andsomearecausedbytheprotectionistmeasuresinsomecountries.

LESSON22聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展大會(huì)

THEUNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENT

157.盡管第一次會(huì)議沒有制定出具體目標(biāo),聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的總?cè)蝿?wù)是制定、協(xié)商和實(shí)施改善發(fā)展進(jìn)程的措施。

Althoughnospecificobjectiveswerelaiddownatthefirstconference,thegeneraltargetofUNCTADistoformulate,negotiateandimplementmeasurestoimprovethedevelopmentprocess.

158.在沒有有效協(xié)議的情況下,一旦出口收入下降,應(yīng)立即采用強(qiáng)制的和自動(dòng)的補(bǔ)救措施。

Intheabsenceofeffectiveagreements,compulsoryandautomaticcompensatorymeasuresshouldbeintroducedassoonasthereisadeclineinexportearnings.

159.實(shí)際上西方國(guó)家在使低收入國(guó)家繁榮起來的同時(shí),其對(duì)這些國(guó)家的出口將增加,因此也能或得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

Thewesternnationswould,infact,alsohaveaneconomicinterestwhentheyarebringingprosperitytothelow-incomecountries,sincetheirexportstothesecountrieswouldthusbesteppedup.

160.國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易方面的優(yōu)惠。

Thenewinternationaleconomicorderismainlyademandformorecashandtradeconcessionsfromthedevelopedcountries.

161.貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會(huì)是聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)。

ATradeandDevelopmentBoardisthepermanentorganoftheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment.

162.世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)中有160多家企業(yè)總部設(shè)在美國(guó),這160多家企業(yè)中有24家是全球前百名企業(yè)。

Morethan160oftheleading500enterprisesareheadquarteredinUS,24ofthe160enterprisesareinthetop100enterprises.

163.GDP計(jì)算的是在一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體地理區(qū)域內(nèi)所生產(chǎn)的所有實(shí)物產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)價(jià)值。

GDPmeasuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicalareaofaneconomy.

164.國(guó)際商務(wù)的另一種重要形式是由一國(guó)居民向另一國(guó)提供資金,稱為國(guó)際投資。

Anotherimportantformofinternationalbusineissupplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother,knownasinternationalinvestment.

165.每一份保險(xiǎn)合同都需要有可保利益的支持,否則它就是無效的。

Everycontractofinsurancerequiresaninsurableinteresttosupportit,orotherwiseitisinvalid.

166.還盤可以針對(duì)發(fā)盤中的價(jià)格,付款條件,裝運(yùn)時(shí)間或其它條款提出。

Counter-offermaybemadeAinrelationtotheprice,termsofpayment,timeofshipmentorothertermsandconditionsoftheoffer.

167.《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》的目的在于為外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中使用最普通的貿(mào)易術(shù)語提供一套國(guó)際解釋通則。ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.

168.國(guó)際商務(wù)比國(guó)內(nèi)商務(wù)涉及的因素更多,因而更復(fù)雜。

Internationalbusineinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.

169.期權(quán)是一種合同,這種合同給予在特定時(shí)間內(nèi)以商定價(jià)格買進(jìn)或賣出某種證券的權(quán)利。

Optionsarecontractsgivingtherighttobuyandsellasecurityatanagreedpricewithinaparticularperiodoftime.

170.建立跨國(guó)企業(yè)的目的是獲取利潤(rùn),利潤(rùn)無疑是跨國(guó)企業(yè)股東們的基本要求。

MNEsareformedforprofit.ThereislittledoubtthattheprofitgoalrepresentsthebasicneedoftheMNEs’shareholders.

171.合同是在協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)上制定的,而協(xié)議是商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。

Contractisbasedonagreement,whichTheistheresultofbusinenegotiations.

172.在知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不力的國(guó)家,最好不要采用國(guó)際許可經(jīng)營(yíng)。

Itisnotadvisabletouselicensingincountrieswithweakintellectualpropertyprotection.

173.就出口商利益而言,即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利,而付款交單比承兌交單有利。

Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcerned,D/PatsightismorefavorablethanD/PismorefavorablethanD/A.

174.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。Boththeexporterandtheimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymaynotfulfillthecontract.

175.信用證是解決這些問題的辦法,旨在通過銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利。

Theletterofcreditisaneffectivemeanstosolvetheseproblems.Itsobjectiveistofacilitateinternationalpaymentbymeansofthecredit-worthineofthebank.

176.銀行只關(guān)心代表貨物的單據(jù),而不是所基于的合同。

Thebanksareonlyconcernedwiththedocumentsrepresentingthegoodsinsteadoftheunderlyingcontracts.

177.銀行對(duì)于貨物是否符合合同不承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。

BankshavenolegalobligationwhetherthegoodsThecomplywiththecontract.

178.合法運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人所有權(quán)形式有三種:1)公共承運(yùn)人;2)契約承運(yùn)人;3)自有承運(yùn)人。

Threetypesofcarrierownershiparelegalformsoftransportation:1)commoncarriers,2)contractcarriers,and3)privatecarriers.

179.貨物保險(xiǎn)是主要保險(xiǎn)的一種。這些保險(xiǎn)通常有火線、海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故險(xiǎn)。

Cargoinsuranceisoneofthemainbranchesofinsurance.Theseareusuallylistedasfire,marine,lifeandaccident.

180.關(guān)于運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn),重要的一點(diǎn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的”。

Theimportantpointtorealizeabouttransportationinsuranceisthatitis“thehandmaidenofcommerce”.

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語教材重點(diǎn)翻譯句子2017-07-14 16:13:03 | #3樓回目錄

1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易,它涉及到許多因素,因而此國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。

Internationalbusinereferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthan,domesticbusiness.

2、有形貿(mào)易是指將在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造的商品,出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。

Visibletradereferstoexportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinan-other.

3、外國(guó)直接投資,簡(jiǎn)稱FDI。投資者通過控制其投資在他國(guó)的企業(yè)和資產(chǎn)獲得回報(bào)。

ForeigndirectinvestmentsofFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.

4、國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值指一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體憑借其居民擁有的資產(chǎn)和勞動(dòng)力所生產(chǎn)的貨物和服務(wù)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。

GNPreferstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.

5、日本和中國(guó)是重要貿(mào)易伙伴,兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ),又是一衣帶水的近鄰。中日貿(mào)易關(guān)系對(duì)兩國(guó)都有重要的意義。

Withmutuallycomplementaryeconomy,JapanandChinaaremajortradepartners,andthetwocountriesarecloseneighboursseparatedonlybyastripofwater.Sino-Japaneserelationsarethereforeofgreatimportancetobothcountries.

6、加拿大和美國(guó)有很長(zhǎng)的共同邊境,而且大部分加拿大居民居住在邊境地區(qū)。加美兩佃以其富有的市場(chǎng),擁有世界最大的雙邊貿(mào)易。

SharingaverylongcommonborderalongwhichmostoftheCanadianpeoplelive,CanadeandtheUnitedStates,withtheirrespectiverichmarket,enjoythelargestsinglebilateraltradeintheworld.

7、歐盟委員會(huì)是它的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),有20個(gè)委員會(huì),管理23個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)不同事務(wù)的部門。

ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommissioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23deaprtmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.

8、盡管內(nèi)部存在矛盾,外部有來自非歐佩克產(chǎn)油國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),但歐佩克這個(gè)占世界產(chǎn)油量40%的組織對(duì)油價(jià)的影響是世界各國(guó)無法忽視的。

Despiteinternalcontradictionsandcornpetitionfromnon-OPECoilproducingcountries,theinfluenceonoilpricesbyOPECthataccountsfor40%oftheglobaloilproductionissomethingtheworldcannotaffordtoneglect.

9、過去十年中,亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。由于中國(guó)在其中發(fā)揮了積極的作用,中國(guó)人尤其關(guān)注這個(gè)組織。

Asia-PacificEconomicCo-operation(APEC)hascaughtmoreandmoreattentionforthepastdecade,especiallyinChinasincethecountryisplayinganactiveroleit.

10、廣闊的地域分布是跨國(guó)企業(yè)的一個(gè)特點(diǎn),這使得它在資源和定價(jià)的決策上有很大的選擇范圍,也使它能更方便地利用世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化。

Widegeographicalspreadi

scharacteristicofMNEs.Itenablesthemtohaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecision-makingsonsourcingandpricing.Theyarealsomoreabletotakeadvantageofchangesintheinternationaleconomicenvironment.

11、技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場(chǎng)是跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織帶給欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的利益?鐕(guó)企業(yè)被認(rèn)為是促進(jìn)世界和各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的最有效的工具。

Technology,capitalandreadymarketsaresortofbenefitsMNEsbringtoless-developedcountries.Theyareconsideredtobethemosteffectivevehicleforthepromotingofglobalandnationaleconomicwelfare.

12、按照比較學(xué)說的觀點(diǎn),一國(guó)只要出口相對(duì)有優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品,而不是有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品,就可以從中受益。

Accordingtothecomparativeadvantage,acountrycanbenefitfromtradeifonlyithasacomparativeadvantage,notabsoluteadvantage,inproducingcertainproduct.

13、貿(mào)易的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)是基于比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論,即各國(guó)生產(chǎn)相比較而言效率更高的那種特殊產(chǎn)品。更理想的是,各國(guó)集中專門生產(chǎn)它的特殊產(chǎn)品,然后再進(jìn)行相互間的貿(mào)易。

Theadvantageoftradearebasedonthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,whereeachcountryproducesaparticularproductmoreefficientlythananother.Ideally,eachcountryfocusesre-sourcesonproducingitsspecialty,andthentradeswithonean-other.

14、總的來說,國(guó)際專門化理論尋求回答的是哪些國(guó)家將生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品,以及采用什么樣的貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)。

Tosummarize,thetheoryofinternationalspecializationseekstoanswerthequestionwhichcountrieswillproducewhatgoods,withwhattradepatternsamongthem.

15、最惠國(guó)待遇并不是什么特殊待遇,而只是正常的貿(mào)易地位。受惠國(guó)只是享有被征收關(guān)稅表中最低關(guān)稅的待遇。

Themost-favorednationtreatmentisnotreallyaspecialtreatmentbutanormaltradingstatus.Thefavoredcountryisgiventhelowesttariffsonlywithinthetariffschedule.

16、無形貿(mào)易也被稱作服務(wù)貿(mào)易。在一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,無形貿(mào)易已經(jīng)占據(jù)這些國(guó)家的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的相當(dāng)份額。

Invisibletradeisalsocalledservicetrade.Insomedevelopedcountries,theinvisibletradehastakenquitealargeshareintheirgrodomesticproduction.

17、《買賣雙方在制定合同時(shí),如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參照,他們就肯定簡(jiǎn)單、可靠地確定各自的責(zé)任》。

If,whendrawinguptheircontract,buyerandsellerhavesomecommonlyunderstoodrulestospecificallyreferto,theycanbesureofdefiningtheirrespectiveresponsibilitiessimplyandsafely.

18、當(dāng)賣方不得不提示可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù),尤其是出售貨物所常用的提單時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生特殊麻煩。

Particularproblemsarisewhenthesellerhastopresentanegotiabletransportdocumentandnotablythebillofladingwhichisfrequentlyusedforthepurposeofsellingtheg

oodswhiletheyarebeingcarried.

19、2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展,商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增加,以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。

The2000revisionofIncotermstookaccountofthespreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunication,andthechangeintransportpractices.

20、書面談判往往以買方詢盤開始,發(fā)生詢盤是為了了解預(yù)購貨物的有關(guān)信息,包括各種貿(mào)易條件。

Writtennegotiationsoftenbeginwithenquiresmadebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedincludingallthetermsoftrade.

21、雖然多數(shù)合同并不引起糾紛,但合同是依法實(shí)施的,任何一方當(dāng)事人若未能履行合同義務(wù),可能會(huì)受到起訴并被強(qiáng)制作出賠償。

Itisenforceablebylaw,andanypartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompetition,thoughmostcontractsdonotgiverisetodisputes.

22、雖然易貨貿(mào)易是原始、低效,并且昂貴的貿(mào)易方式,但是發(fā)展中國(guó)家巨大的債務(wù)以及世界上大量的商品過剩使其不可避免。

Bartertradeisaprimitive,inefficientexpensivewayofdoingbusiness,butthemassivedebtsofdevelopingcountriesandtheworld’soversupplyofgoodsmakeitinescapable.

23、對(duì)銷貿(mào)易可幫助有嚴(yán)重債務(wù)的國(guó)家繼續(xù)進(jìn)口商品而實(shí)際上向債權(quán)人掩蓋出口收入。

Countertrademayhelpthosenations,withseriousdebtproblemstocontinuetoimportgoodswhile,ineffect,concealingexportearningsfromcreditors.

24、在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,由于交易當(dāng)事人很難充分了解彼此的財(cái)務(wù)信息和信譽(yù)狀況,很難建立相互信任。

Ininternationaltrade,itisverydifficultforthepartiestogetadequateinformationabouteachother’sfinancialstandingandcreditworthiness,andmutualtrustishardtobuild.

25、如果進(jìn)口國(guó)的政局穩(wěn)定,而且又有出口商信任的代理人,出口商就可以采用寄售方式,待貨賣出后再收回貨款。

Iftheimportingcountryhasastablepoliticalsituationandatrustedagenttheretoworkfortheexporter,theexportercanenterintoconsignmenttransactionsandgetpaymentuntilthegoodsaresold.

26、在付款交單的情況下,進(jìn)口商在承兌了出口商所開出的匯票后,便可得到單據(jù),而付款則要晚于這個(gè)時(shí)間。

Inthecaseofdocumentsagainstacceptance,theimporterwillgetthedocumentsoncethebillofexchangedrawnbytheex-porterisaccepted,whilethepaymentwillnotbemadeuntilalaterdate.

27、賣方憑提交的正確無誤的單據(jù)得到貨款,買方憑規(guī)定的單據(jù)得到貨物,這種雙邊保證是信用證獨(dú)特的,具有代表性的特征。

Againsttheimpeccabledocumentspresentedthesellergetspaid,againstthestipulateddocumentsthebuyergetsthegoods.Thisbilateralsecurityistheuniqueandcharac

teristicfeatureoftheletterofcredit.

28、受益人要對(duì)信用證的所有內(nèi)容進(jìn)行認(rèn)真審核,以便保證安全及時(shí)地收到貨款。

Hebeneficiaryhastomakeacarefulexaminationofallthecon-tentsofthecreditsoastoensuresafeandtimelypayment.

29、國(guó)際貿(mào)易中所使用的信用證多數(shù)為跟單信用證,即要求裝運(yùn)單據(jù)和匯票提示的信用證。

Mostofthecreditsusedininternationaltradearedocumentarycredits,i.e.creditsthatrequireshippingdocumentstobepresentedtogetherwiththedraft.

30、可撤銷信用證是指在未同受益人協(xié)商的情況下對(duì)承諾進(jìn)行改變,甚至取消。

Anrevocablecreditisonethatitscommitmentscanbealteredorevencancelledwithoutconsultingwiththebeneficiary.

31、在保兌信用證中受益人得到雙重付款保證,因?yàn)楸躲y行,在開證行承擔(dān)付款義務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上又加上自己的承諾。

Underaconfirmedcredit,thebeneficiaryisgivendoubleassuranceofpaymentsincetheconfirmingbankhasaddeditsownundertakingtothatoftheopeningbank.

32、各種單證上所列的商品名稱、數(shù)量、金額等項(xiàng)目要嚴(yán)格地與信用證上所列的項(xiàng)目一致。

Alltheitemslistedondifferentdocumentssuchasthenameofcommodities,quantity,amountmustbeinstrictconformitywiththoseintheL/C.

33、商業(yè)發(fā)票是所要求的最常見的單證之一。它是繕制其他單證的基矗

Commercialinvoiceisoneoftherequiredandmostcommonlyfounddocuments.Itconstitutesthebasisonwhichotherdocumentsaretobeprepared.

34、提單是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最重要的單證之一。有了它,合法持有者才可以到目的地提貨。

Billofladingisoneofthemostimportantdocumentsinforeigntrade,withwhichthelegalholdercantakedeliveryofthegoodsattheportofdestination.

35、常見的運(yùn)輸方式有水路、鐵路、公路、管道及航空運(yùn)輸。

Thewidelyseenmodesoftransportarewater,rail,roads,pipe-line,andairtransport.

36、運(yùn)輸在生產(chǎn)過程中起著重要的作用。一方面,它將原材料、勞動(dòng)力運(yùn)到所需的地方。另一方面,將中間產(chǎn)品運(yùn)到其他廠商供生產(chǎn)使用或把制成品運(yùn)到消費(fèi)者手中。

Transportationplaysanimportantroleinproduction.Ontheonehand,itcarriesrawmaterialsandlabortotheplacewheretheyareneeded.Ontheotherhand,ittransportsintermediateproductstootherproducersforuseintheirproductionprocess,orshipthefinishedgoodstothehandsofcustomers.

37、保險(xiǎn)單是投保人與承保人之間的保險(xiǎn)契約。一旦投保人購買了保單,其特定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就從投保人轉(zhuǎn)移到承保人。

Insurancepolicyservesastheinsurancecontractbetweentheinsuredandtheinsurer.Oncetheinsuredbuysthepolicy,thespecifiedriskwilltransfertotheinsurancecompanyfromtheinsured.

38、由承保人從投保人處收集的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)作為

共同基金,受損方的索賠費(fèi)從此基金中支付。

Thepremiumcollectedbytheinsurerfromtheinsuredispooledtogetherasafund,andtheclaimsofthosesufferinglossesarepaidoutofthisfund.

39、貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種旨在將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商轉(zhuǎn)移到專門承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)一方的活動(dòng)。

Cargoinsuranceisanactivityaimedatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheshouldersoftheexportersandimporters,andplacingitupontheshouldersofspecialistrisk-bearingunderwriter.

40、最大誠(chéng)信原則適用于各種保險(xiǎn),如某人要投保人壽險(xiǎn),他要如實(shí)告知其身體狀況。

Utmostgoodfaithappliestoallkindofinsurance.Ifapersonwantstoinsureagainstlifeinsurance,hehastotelltheinsurancecompanyabouthisrealstateofhealth.

41、如果投保人有意隱瞞任何事情,或故意誤導(dǎo),其行為都被視為欺詐,因此保險(xiǎn)合同無效。

Iftheinsuredintendstohideormisleadanything,whichwillberegardedasfraud,thecontractisvoidable.

42、在賠償保險(xiǎn)索賠時(shí),憑借保險(xiǎn)合同,保險(xiǎn)公司將使受損人的利益恢復(fù)到發(fā)生損害前的同等狀況。

Incompensatingclaims,insurancecompanywillrestorethein-suredtothepositionheourshewasinbeforealooccurred.

43、第一次民界大戰(zhàn)之前,金本位制建立了固定匯率制,每個(gè)國(guó)家通過將本國(guó)貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確定其貨幣的平價(jià)。

BeforetheFirstWorldWar,thegoldstandardcreatedafixedexchangeratesystemaseachcountrypeggedthevalueofitscurrencytogoldtoestablishitsparvalue.

44、在特定條件下,提高利率可以吸引國(guó)外短期資金,提高一國(guó)的外匯匯率。

Underspecificconditions,highinterestratewillattractshort-terminternationalfund,increasingtheexchangerateofone’sowncurrency.

45、外匯匯率有三種形式,即:買進(jìn)匯率、售出匯率和兩者的平均值——中間匯率。

Therearethreetypeofforeignexchangepricenamely:thebuyingrate,theselliongrateandtheaverageoftheprevioustwo—themedialrate.

46、國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行由160個(gè)國(guó)家政府所共同擁有,其貸款的主要來源是在世界資本市場(chǎng)上的借貸。

TheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentisownedbythegovernmentsof160countries.Itfinancesitslendingoperationsprimarilyfromitsownborrowingsinworldcapitalmarket.

47、世界銀行對(duì)貸款作了各項(xiàng)規(guī)定。它明確貸款必須以生產(chǎn)力為目的,必須促進(jìn)發(fā)展中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),同時(shí)還要具有償還能力。

TheWorldBankhassetvariousrulesforitsloaningoperation.Itspecifiesthatitmustlendonlyforproductivepurposesandmuststimulateeconomicgrowthinthedevelopingcountries,andatthesametimetheloan-receivingcountriesmustbeabletorepaytheloan.

48、對(duì)外直接投資是國(guó)際投資的主要方式,一國(guó)居民為進(jìn)行監(jiān)控和

和經(jīng)營(yíng)通過對(duì)外投資獲取各國(guó)的資產(chǎn)。

Foreigndirectinvestmentisthemajorformofinternationalin-vestment,wherebyresidentsofonecountryacquireassetsinaforeigncountryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.

49、控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)外投資的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個(gè)重要方面。

ControllingcostsisoneofthemajormotivationsforsomeenterprisestoengageinFDI.Andloweringproductioncostsisanimportantconsideration.

50、即時(shí)庫存管理系統(tǒng)的引進(jìn)能最大限度地降低庫存從而提高經(jīng)營(yíng)效率。

TheintroductionofJITinventorymanagementsystemcanminimizetheinventoryofthestocksoastoincreasetheefficiencyoftheoperation.

51、證券所起著兩個(gè)重要作用,它既是長(zhǎng)期資本的融資市場(chǎng),又是各類投資債券的交易市常

TheStockExchangeplaystwofundamentalroles:oneforcapitalraisingmarket,oneforvariousinvestmentinstrumentmarket.

52、未上市的公司的股票不能在證交所或其他股票市場(chǎng)公開掛牌交易。

Theunlistedcompaniescannottradetheirsecuritiesthroughthelistingsystematthestockexchangeorotherstockmarkets.

53、關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的總目標(biāo)體現(xiàn)了各成員國(guó)的向往,即提高生活水平,提供充分就業(yè),持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定地增加收入和有效需求,充分利用世界資源擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)。

TheGATTembodiestheexpectationsofitsmembercountries,thatis,toimprovestandardsofliving,fullemployment,steadygrowingvolumeofrealincomeandeffectivedemand,thefulluseoftheworld’sresourcesandtheexpansionofproduction.

54、烏拉圭回合和世界貿(mào)易組織的建立改變了世界貿(mào)易體系的性質(zhì)。

TheUruguayRoundandtheestablishmenttheWTOhaveshangedthecharacterofthewoldtradingsystem.

55、盡管關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定是以無判別待遇為原則的,但欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家仍指責(zé)關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定是只考慮發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家利益的“富人俱樂部”。

AlthoughtheGATTisbasedontheprincipleofnon-differentialtreatment,theless-developedcountriesstillcriticizeitasa“richmenclub”fortheinterestofthedevelopedworld.

56、采用強(qiáng)制性的自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償措施被看作解決發(fā)展中國(guó)家的貿(mào)易條件惡化問題的一種方案。

Theintroductionofcompulsoryandautomaticcompensatorymeasuresisconsideredasasolutiontosolvetheproblemofdeterioratingtermsoftradeinthedevelopingcountries.

57、為了促進(jìn)欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的工業(yè)化進(jìn)程,西方國(guó)家應(yīng)開放他們的制造市場(chǎng),或提供優(yōu)惠關(guān)稅政策。

Westerncountriesshouldopenuptheirmanufacturemarketsorprovidepreferentialtariffstofacilitatetheindustrializationproceoftheless-developedcountries.

二、英譯漢

Mostcompaniesusesalesmeninthedomesticmarketbecauseexperiencehasshownthatagoodsalesmanisworththeprice.Ifitisdecidedtosellthro

ughanagentheshouldbethecompany’srepresentativeandsalesmanintheoverseastargetmarketandberegardedasanintegratepartofthecompany.Theservicesprovidedwillvary,dependingonwhathasbeenagreedupon,fromthemostsimpleintermediarycontractwithbuyerstoacompleterangeofmarketingservice.

Fromtheexporters’pointofview,oneadvantageofthecommercialagentisthattheagents’commisionisusuallyproportionaltothesalesheattained.Totheprincipals,thismeans“nosale—nocost”,itisimportanttokeeptheagentcontinuouslyinformedoftheprincipal’sintention.

許多企業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)都在利用推銷員進(jìn)行銷售。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,花錢雇一個(gè)好的推銷員是值得的。如某一公司決定通過代理商出口,這一代理商應(yīng)該是該公司在國(guó)外目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)上的推銷員員,并被視為該公司不可分割的一部分。代理服務(wù)項(xiàng)目各有不同,要以協(xié)議而定,從與買主的聯(lián)駱到整個(gè)銷售服務(wù)。

對(duì)出口商來說,利用代理商服務(wù)的好處在于:代理商的傭金是根據(jù)他的推銷金額按比例支付的,也就是說,“沒有銷售,就沒有費(fèi)用”。委托人要經(jīng)常使代理商明確了解自己的意圖,這一點(diǎn)很重要。

Priceandpricingpolicyplayanimportantroleinallmarketingstrategy.Itisworthwhileforanyexportertopayspecialattentiontopricingbeforecomingtogripswithoverseasbuyers.

Overseaspurchasersaregenerallyreputedtobeprofessional,knowledgeableandpossessingsolidinformationasabasisfortheirdecisions.Inmostcases,heyareguidedintheirbusineactivitiesbyabudgetwhichinturnisbasedondirectcosting.Thismeansthattothemthepurchasepriceisbutonecostelementamongsever-alothersandthatthetotalcostdoesnotaccrueuntilthegoodshavebeensoldtothenextcustomer.Itisthereforeirrelevanttothepurchaserswhethertheycanlowerthepricebybargainingor,asanalternative,makethesellerstakeoverpartoftheirotherothercostsfortheproduct.Suchperipheralcostsmayincludespecialpackaging,pricemarking.

價(jià)格和定價(jià)政策在所有銷售策略中起著很重要的作用。出口商在與國(guó)外買主接觸之前特別注意定價(jià)問題是值得的。

國(guó)外買主一般都被視為熟悉專業(yè),知識(shí)面廣,掌握著其決策基礎(chǔ)的確切信息。在大多數(shù)情況下,他們?cè)跇I(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)中都是以預(yù)算作為指導(dǎo),而預(yù)算又是根據(jù)直接費(fèi)用制訂的。這就是說,對(duì)他們來說買價(jià)只不過是諸多成本因素中的一個(gè)因素,直到貨物售予下一個(gè)客戶之前,總的費(fèi)用不能增加。因此,是通過討價(jià)還價(jià)降低價(jià)格,還是作為替代辦法,讓賣主承擔(dān)產(chǎn)品的其他部分費(fèi)用,對(duì)買主來說都沒有多大關(guān)系。這樣的邊緣費(fèi)用可能有特殊包裝、價(jià)格標(biāo)簽,其他標(biāo)志等。

Therelationshipbetweenasalespersonandaclientisimporta

nt:bothpartieswanttofeelsatisfiedwiththeirdealandneitherwantstofeelcheated.Afriendly,respectfulrelationshipismoreeffectivethananaggressive,competitiveone.

Asalespersonshouldbelievethathisproducthascertainad-vantageoverthecompetition.Acustomerwantstobesurethatheisbuyingaproductthatisgoodvalueandofhighquality.Nooneinbusineisgoingtospendhiscompany’smoneyonsomethingtheydon’treallyneed(unlikeconsumers,whocansometimesbepersuadedtoby“useless”productslikefurcoatsandsolidgoldwatches!)

銷售人員和客戶之間關(guān)系是很重要的,雙方都希望能對(duì)他們的買賣感到滿意,并且沒有一方希望感到被欺騙。一種友好的、相互尊重的關(guān)系要比一種攻擊性和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的關(guān)系更有效。

一個(gè)銷售人員應(yīng)當(dāng)相信他的產(chǎn)品在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力中具有某種優(yōu)勢(shì)。一個(gè)顧客則需要相信他要買的東西是有好的價(jià)值和高品質(zhì)的。在生意中,沒有一個(gè)人會(huì)將他公司的錢花在他們并不真正需要的東西上。(不像顧客,他們有時(shí)會(huì)被說服而購買一些毛皮大衣和包金手表這樣的“無用”產(chǎn)品。

InthepostwarperiodMNCshaveacquiredaglobalpres-ence.Asonestatisticindicates,formostofthepostwarperiodstocksandflowsofFDIhavegrownfasterthanworldincome,andsometimestrade,particularlyduringthe1960sandsincethemid-1980s.Stockmeasuresinparticulararesubjecttomarginsoferrorbecauseofthedifficultieswithestimatingtheirgrowth.Evenso,itisindisputablethatmultinationalshavebecomemajorplayersintheworldeconomy:apartfromthe1970sandearly1980s,theturnoverofthelargest500companieshasgrownfasterthanworldoutput.MNCsnowaccountforthemajorityoftheworld’sexports,whilesalesofforeignaffiliatesexceedtotalglobalexports.Furthermore,asMNCshavegrown,therehasbeenasignificantTrannationalizationofproductionexpressedintheemergenceofglobalproductionanddistributionnetworks.

在戰(zhàn)后,多國(guó)公司獲得了全球性的發(fā)展。正如一項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)所顯示的,在戰(zhàn)后相當(dāng)?shù)囊欢螘r(shí)間內(nèi),特別是在60年代至80年代中期,證券和外國(guó)直接投資數(shù)量按世界收入增長(zhǎng)要快,有時(shí)甚至要快于貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)的數(shù)量。但需指出的是,因?yàn)樵谟?jì)算證券投資增長(zhǎng)量存在困難,它的數(shù)字會(huì)存在誤差。盡管如此,毋庸置疑,多國(guó)公司已經(jīng)成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中的主要玩家。若拋開70年代和80年代早期的話,500家大公司的產(chǎn)值增長(zhǎng)速度遠(yuǎn)超過世界的總產(chǎn)值增長(zhǎng)速度。多國(guó)公司目前的出口占據(jù)了世界出口的大多數(shù),其在海外的分支機(jī)構(gòu)的銷售額超過了世界出口總額。而且,隨著多國(guó)公司的壯大,已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)全球性的生產(chǎn)和分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)生產(chǎn)多國(guó)化的明顯趨勢(shì)。

Economists’argumentforfreetradeisthatopeningupmarketsto

foreignsuppliersincreasescompetition.Withoutfreetrade,domesticcompaniesmayhaveenjoyedmonopolesoroligopolies(求大于供的市場(chǎng)情況) http://www.lady-power.com petitionshouldalsospurdomesticcompaniestogreaterefficiencybecausetheywillnotbeabletocostsofslackneinhigherprices.

Inaddition,freetrademeansthatfirmsarenolongerlimitedbythesizeoftheirhomecountry,butcansellintobiggermarkets.Inindustrieswhereaverageproductioncostsfallasoutputincreases,producingeconomiesofscale,thismeanslowercostsandprices.Insuchindustries,tradealsoincreasesthevarietyofproductsonoffer.

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家關(guān)于自由貿(mào)易的爭(zhēng)論是向外國(guó)供應(yīng)商開放市場(chǎng)可以提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。沒有自由貿(mào)易,國(guó)內(nèi)公司就會(huì)憑借壟斷或求大于供的市場(chǎng)情況將價(jià)格控制在大大高于邊際成本的水平上。貿(mào)易自由化會(huì)動(dòng)搖這種市場(chǎng)力量。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)同時(shí)也會(huì)刺激國(guó)內(nèi)公司提高效率,因?yàn)樗麄冸y以將效率造成的成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁到高價(jià)格上。

此外,自由貿(mào)易意味著公司不再受國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模限制,而是可以走向更大的市常當(dāng)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)出增加,平均生產(chǎn)成本下降出現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí),也就意味著低成本低價(jià)位的出現(xiàn)。在這樣的企業(yè),貿(mào)易同時(shí)也擴(kuò)大了產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)的種類。

Non-tariffbarriersincludestandardstoprotecthealth,safety,andproductquality.Thestandardsaresometimesusedinanundulystringentordiscriminatingwayinordertorestricttrade,butthesheervolumeofregulationsinthiscategoryisaprobleminitself.Fruitcontentregulationsforjamwayvarysomuchfromcountrytocountrythatoneagriculturalspecialistsays,“Ajamexporterneedsacomputertoavoidoneoranothercountry’sregulations.”Plantandanimalquarantine(檢疫)regulationsserveanimportantfunction,butoftenareusedsolelytokeepoutforeignproducts.Al-thoughallcountriesusestandardstosomeextent,Japanhasraisedtheprocetothelevelofart(技術(shù)).DifferingstandardsisonemajordisagreementbetweentheUnitedStatesandJapan.Americancompaniesareoftenconfrontedby

回復(fù)帖子
標(biāo)題:
內(nèi)容:
相關(guān)話題