他們的悲傷并不是刻骨銘心的而是輕描淡寫(xiě)，梅洛說(shuō)他的部分獎(jiǎng)金將用于慈善事業(yè)，兩位科學(xué)家在得知獲獎(jiǎng)后分別對(duì)媒體發(fā)表了簡(jiǎn)短的獲獎(jiǎng)感言，他說(shuō)正有一大群人站在我門(mén)外他打算跟他們來(lái)一杯香檳。
諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲獎(jiǎng)感言
諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲獎(jiǎng)感言
威廉·福克納
我認(rèn)為這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)并不是頒發(fā)給我個(gè)人的，而是給我的事業(yè)的。這項(xiàng)終生事業(yè)，長(zhǎng)期與苦悶與辛勞相伴隨，從事這項(xiàng)工作也并不是為了任何榮耀或財(cái)富，而是為了創(chuàng)造出前所未有的人類(lèi)的精神財(cái)富。人們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)為了得到與之相稱(chēng)的目的和意義的金錢(qián)而從事這項(xiàng)工作的其他人，但是我樂(lè)于在歡呼聲中做這樣的事，通過(guò)這次盛會(huì)被無(wú)數(shù)毅然投身于相同痛苦與辛勤勞動(dòng)的年輕男女傾聽(tīng)，而他們之中的某個(gè)人可能在將來(lái)的某一天也會(huì)站在我今天所在的位置。
我們今天的悲劇是早已被人們長(zhǎng)期忍受的身體畏懼，并沒(méi)有精神方面的難題�，F(xiàn)在只存在一個(gè)問(wèn)題：何時(shí)我將會(huì)被激怒？正因?yàn)槿绱�，�?dāng)前年輕人的寫(xiě)作都忘卻了人類(lèi)心靈自我斗爭(zhēng)的問(wèn)題，而這恰恰是能寫(xiě)出好作品的關(guān)鍵因素，因?yàn)橹挥腥祟?lèi)心靈自我斗爭(zhēng)的問(wèn)題是唯一值得被大書(shū)特書(shū)并值得人們付出痛苦與辛勤努力的事。人們必須重新研究這些問(wèn)題，必須告誡自己對(duì)待一切事物的卑鄙態(tài)度則是畏懼；并且，教導(dǎo)自己在自己的工作室里容不下其他的東西，除了古老的真理、公認(rèn)的公理以及人內(nèi)心的真實(shí)感受，這些包括愛(ài)情、榮譽(yù)、憐憫、尊嚴(yán)、同情和犧牲，缺乏了它們?nèi)魏巫髌范际嵌虝旱暮妥⒍ㄊ〉�，而在人們領(lǐng)悟到這些之前，都會(huì)像是被詛咒般的辛勞。人們書(shū)寫(xiě)的是欲望而非愛(ài)情；他們書(shū)寫(xiě)失敗，而這種失敗是沒(méi)有任何人損失任何價(jià)值的；他們所書(shū)寫(xiě)的成功，是沒(méi)有希望，甚至沒(méi)有遺憾或憐憫。他們的悲傷并不是刻骨銘心的，而是輕描淡寫(xiě)。他們所書(shū)寫(xiě)的是并非心靈而是器官。直到他們重新了解這些，他們才以俯瞰一切人和事的態(tài)度來(lái)寫(xiě)作。我拒絕接受世界末日的觀點(diǎn)。我們能夠說(shuō)，人類(lèi)是不朽的僅僅因?yàn)樗麄儗?huì)容忍這種情況，在此種情形下，末日審判改變，并從最后的泛著紅光的夜晚里的最后一塊礁石上褪去時(shí)，仍會(huì)有一個(gè)微不足道但不知疲倦的聲音存在，我拒絕接受這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。我認(rèn)為人類(lèi)將不會(huì)僅僅只是忍受，他們將會(huì)占絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，他們是不朽的，并不是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诒姸嗌镏惺俏ㄒ粨碛胁痪肼曇舻娜后w，而是因?yàn)樗麄冇徐`魂，而這種靈魂有著同情、犧牲和容忍的精神。
作為詩(shī)人、作家的職責(zé)就是書(shū)寫(xiě)這類(lèi)事情，他們有權(quán)去幫助人們，通過(guò)提升他們的心靈，提醒他們勇氣、榮耀、希望、驕傲、憐憫、遺憾與犧牲，而這也將成為他們的榮光。詩(shī)人的詩(shī)歌不僅僅對(duì)人類(lèi)的簡(jiǎn)單記錄，它可以成為幫助人類(lèi)容忍和獲勝的精神支柱。
YourMajesty,YourRoyalHighness,LadiesandGentlemen:
I’mnowstandinghereinthisfamoushall,asasonofafarmerfromGaomiNortheastCountrysideinfar-awayChina,andreceivingtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,allthisisfeltlikeafairytale,butitisabsolutelytrue.Theexperienceaftergettingtheprizeformonths,makesmerealizethehugeeffectsanduntouchabledignityoftheNobelPrize.Duringthisperiod,Ihavebeenalwayssittingonthesidelines,watchingallthathappens,sinceit’sachancetoknowmoreabouttheworldandalsomyself.
I’mwellawarethattherearesomanywritersmoreworthyofthePrizethanme,andIbelievethatiftheycarryonwriting,insisttheliteratureisthegloryofmenandalsotherightgivenbytheGod,”Shewillgiveyouagarlandtograceyourheadandpresentyouwithagloriouscrown.”(Proverbs4∶9)
I’malsowellawarethattheliteraturehaslittleeffectonsolvingtheproblemsofpolitiesandeconomies,butitsemphasisonhumanbeingsaslongasthetime.Weoftencan’trealizeitsimportancewhenwehaveit,butifsomedaywedidn’t,thelivesofmenwouldbecoarseandrude.Forallthereasonsabove,Ifeelproudandheavyatthesametime.
IwanttoexpretheadmirationtothemembersoftheSwedishAcademybythischance,andIbelieve,nothingcanmoveallofyouexcepttheliterature.Ialsoexpreadmirationtothewholeworldtranslators,fortheconceptofworldliteraturewillnotexistwithoutyourhardwork,whichistheconnectionofpeoplefromdifferentareas.Ofcourse,atthisspecialmoment,Istillremindmyselfofthesupportfrommyfamiliesandfriends,fortheirwisdomandfriendshipwillstillshineinmyworks.
Lastbutnottheleast,Ifeelgratefultomyfolksinmyhometown,GaomiofShandong,China.Iwas,am,andwillbeoneofyoursforever;Istillthanktothewonderfullandraisingmeup——Iamastoryteller,whogrowupinthisland,andallmyworkistorepayhergoodness.
諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主獲獎(jiǎng)感言
諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主獲獎(jiǎng)感言
發(fā)布人：山地發(fā)布日期：2017-10-1215:14:41閱讀次數(shù)：378
諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主獲獎(jiǎng)感言
作者：佚名文章來(lái)源：中國(guó)新聞網(wǎng)
新華網(wǎng)斯德哥爾摩１０月２日電由于發(fā)現(xiàn)ＲＮＡ（核糖核酸）干擾機(jī)制，美國(guó)科學(xué)家克雷格·梅洛和安德魯·法爾２日被授予２００６年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，并分享１０００萬(wàn)瑞典克朗（約合１４０萬(wàn)美元）的獎(jiǎng)金。
梅洛是在美國(guó)家中接到諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)評(píng)審委員會(huì)電話的，當(dāng)時(shí)是當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間４時(shí)４０分左右。梅洛對(duì)媒體表示他感到“非常驚訝”，“到現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)回過(guò)神來(lái)”。他說(shuō)：“我有預(yù)感可能得獎(jiǎng)，但我才４５歲啊，原本以為１０年或２０年后才會(huì)得獎(jiǎng)呢。”梅洛說(shuō),他的部分獎(jiǎng)金將用于慈善事業(yè)。
法爾在接受媒體采訪時(shí)則說(shuō)，獲獎(jiǎng)的感覺(jué)真是非常美妙，“一開(kāi)始，我都不敢相信，它也許是個(gè)夢(mèng)，或者有人搞錯(cuò)了，但又想這不可能。能獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)媸翘袅耍彼f(shuō)：“我還是以前的我，我的人生追求仍很簡(jiǎn)單，那就是研究、科學(xué)、教學(xué)和家庭。我不想有什么改變。”（完）
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新華網(wǎng)華盛頓10月15日電（記者劉洪）15日凌晨接到外界打來(lái)的通知或祝賀電話時(shí)，3名獲得今年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家反應(yīng)幾乎一致：對(duì)獲獎(jiǎng)先是感到“困惑”，繼而則是無(wú)比興奮和“光榮”。
芝加哥大學(xué)教授羅杰·邁爾森在當(dāng)天的記者會(huì)上說(shuō)，當(dāng)被電話通知獲得諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，他一開(kāi)始有點(diǎn)“困惑”，但隨后醒悟過(guò)來(lái)，對(duì)能加入到這一獲獎(jiǎng)名單感到非�！肮鈽s”。
明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)榮譽(yù)教授萊昂尼德·赫維奇是一位猶太人，今年已經(jīng)90歲。他在獲獎(jiǎng)后表示，從未想過(guò)有一天能獲此獎(jiǎng)，“我總以為我的時(shí)代可能已經(jīng)過(guò)去”。他對(duì)外界能夠承認(rèn)他的工作感到非常高興，“一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域最聰明的年輕人也加入進(jìn)來(lái)，這非常棒”。
普林斯頓高等研究院教授埃里克·馬斯金則表示，當(dāng)他最初聽(tīng)到赫維奇獲獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，大舒了一口氣，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為赫維奇多年來(lái)就一直是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)候選對(duì)象。而讓他隨后更加興奮的是，今年他自己和老朋友赫維奇、邁爾森3人共享了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
瑞典皇家科學(xué)院將今年的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?lì)C發(fā)給這3名美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，主要是表彰他們?cè)趧?chuàng)建和發(fā)展“機(jī)制設(shè)計(jì)理論”方面所作的貢獻(xiàn)。“機(jī)制設(shè)計(jì)理論”最早由赫維奇提出，馬斯金和邁爾森則進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了這一理論。這一理論有助于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、各國(guó)政府和企業(yè)識(shí)別在何種情況下市場(chǎng)機(jī)制有效，何種情況下市場(chǎng)機(jī)制無(wú)效，以幫助人們確定有效的交易機(jī)制、規(guī)章安排和表決程序。
對(duì)于3人共享的1000萬(wàn)瑞典克朗（1美元約合6．4瑞典克朗）獎(jiǎng)金，赫維奇表示還未曾想過(guò)怎么處理；馬斯金則表示，將把獎(jiǎng)金捐獻(xiàn)給幫助殘疾人的Ｃａｍｐｈｉｌｌ基金會(huì)，這也是他和妻子認(rèn)為“如果中獎(jiǎng)后的做法”。馬斯金的兒子是一位殘疾人。
自1969年增設(shè)諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)以來(lái)，共有61名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家獲獎(jiǎng)，而邁爾森的獲獎(jiǎng)也使芝加哥大學(xué)獲此殊榮的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家增至24名，該大學(xué)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)成為諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的最大贏家。
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瑞典皇家科學(xué)院10日宣布，德國(guó)科學(xué)家格哈德·埃特爾獲得2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。當(dāng)天恰逢71歲生日的埃特爾說(shuō)，這是一份“最好的生日禮物”。
2016年10月10日德國(guó)科學(xué)家獲2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)10月10日，瑞典皇家科學(xué)院在斯德哥爾摩宣布，將2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)授予在表面化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域作出開(kāi)拓性貢獻(xiàn)的德國(guó)科學(xué)家格哈德·埃特爾。新華社發(fā)（朱蓮誼攝）
2016年10月10日德國(guó)科學(xué)家獲2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)10月10日，瑞典皇家科學(xué)院在斯德哥爾摩宣布，將2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)授予在表面化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域作出開(kāi)拓性貢獻(xiàn)的德國(guó)科學(xué)家格哈德·埃特爾。新華社發(fā)（朱蓮誼攝）
埃特爾對(duì)媒體描述自己的獲獎(jiǎng)感覺(jué)時(shí)說(shuō)，這是最好的生日禮物，“我（的喜悅之情）難以言表”。
這份生日大禮讓埃特爾感到很意外。他說(shuō)：“我當(dāng)然知道我是候選人。但物理獎(jiǎng)?lì)C給了一名德國(guó)人，所以我以為化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)不會(huì)發(fā)給我了�！�
埃特爾因在表面化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域作出開(kāi)拓性貢獻(xiàn)而獲得今年的諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，此前，他的同胞彼得·格林貝格爾剛剛與一名法國(guó)科學(xué)家分享今年的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
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瑞典皇家科學(xué)院9日宣布，法國(guó)科學(xué)家阿爾貝·費(fèi)爾和德國(guó)科學(xué)家彼得·格林貝格爾因發(fā)現(xiàn)“巨磁電阻”效應(yīng)共同獲得2016年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。兩位科學(xué)家在得知獲獎(jiǎng)后分別對(duì)媒體發(fā)表了簡(jiǎn)短的獲獎(jiǎng)感言。
阿爾貝·費(fèi)爾在接受電話采訪時(shí)說(shuō)：“我受寵若驚，非常感動(dòng)，我為能夠與彼得·格林貝格爾共享這一獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)而興奮不已。我們剛剛交談過(guò)。我們總是很好地交換我們的研究結(jié)果�！�
兩位科學(xué)家的發(fā)現(xiàn)使得小型大容量硬盤(pán)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。費(fèi)爾說(shuō)，“能夠看到我們的發(fā)
現(xiàn)所產(chǎn)生的威力實(shí)在是太棒了１
彼得·格林貝格爾在接受瑞典電臺(tái)采訪時(shí)說(shuō)：“有人告訴我，如果有從斯德哥爾摩來(lái)的電話，那只能是諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)（通知）�！彼f(shuō)，“正有一大群人站在我門(mén)外”，他打算跟他們“來(lái)一杯香檳
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記者：你現(xiàn)在感覺(jué)怎樣？
切哈諾沃：我似乎還無(wú)法消化這個(gè)來(lái)得突然的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，好像要被它淹沒(méi)了一樣，一時(shí)還找不到合適的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)自己的心情。
記者：你預(yù)料到今年獲此殊榮的將是自己?jiǎn)幔?/p>
切哈諾沃：不，完全沒(méi)有。當(dāng)時(shí)我正要出門(mén)，是我兒子接的電話。我想，即使自己會(huì)獲獎(jiǎng)的話，也應(yīng)該是醫(yī)學(xué)或生理學(xué)的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，完全沒(méi)料到會(huì)是化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
記者：得知自己獲獎(jiǎng)后，你的第一反應(yīng)是什么？
切哈諾沃：那種感覺(jué)當(dāng)然是美妙的。諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)是全世界科學(xué)家們夢(mèng)寐以求的事業(yè)巔峰。我并不否認(rèn)我為自己、我的家人和我的科學(xué)事業(yè)感到驕傲。
記者：獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)會(huì)給你今后的事業(yè)帶來(lái)什么樣的影響？
切哈諾沃：我真誠(chéng)地希望這件事對(duì)我將來(lái)的科研毫無(wú)影響。我熱愛(ài)我的實(shí)驗(yàn)室、我的學(xué)生和我的科學(xué)事業(yè)。目前我正進(jìn)行著一項(xiàng)激動(dòng)人心的研究，還將取得更多的新發(fā)現(xiàn)。
記者：你認(rèn)為你現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生中有可能產(chǎn)生諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者嗎？
切哈諾沃：這個(gè)很難預(yù)料。我的學(xué)生都很優(yōu)秀。
記者：你對(duì)有志于科研的青年們有什么建議呢？
切哈諾沃：我不知道人們能從我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中學(xué)到多少東西。我們的國(guó)家(以色列)進(jìn)
行科研的方式與美國(guó)乃至現(xiàn)在的歐洲很不一樣。以色列頻繁地處于動(dòng)亂中，科研經(jīng)費(fèi)極其有限，政府也并不把科研放在國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略的首要位置。因此，在選擇課題方面，我們不必去隨大流，跟著所有人一起去搞蛋白質(zhì)合成、DNA或者研究基因組，而是更應(yīng)該從本質(zhì)上去發(fā)現(xiàn)真正值得研究的課題。對(duì)以色列人來(lái)說(shuō)，不隨大流才是取得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的關(guān)鍵。而一旦選定方向后就應(yīng)該相信自己的選擇。
記者：你現(xiàn)在感覺(jué)怎么樣？
赫什科：我為我的家庭、我的研究所和我的祖國(guó)感到高興。
記者：獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)是你預(yù)料之中的事嗎？
赫什科：不。那天剛好放假，我和4個(gè)孫女野餐。
記者：獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)會(huì)給你今后的事業(yè)帶來(lái)什么樣的影響？
赫什科：我將繼續(xù)我的實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作。但或多或少地總會(huì)受一些影響。我將不可避免地接受到更多的邀請(qǐng)。但即便如此，我相信自己仍能做出一些貢獻(xiàn)。
記者：20年前當(dāng)你做這項(xiàng)工作的時(shí)候有沒(méi)有意識(shí)到它會(huì)使你獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)？
赫什科：我知道這項(xiàng)工作的影響力是巨大的。但我從來(lái)沒(méi)有等待榮譽(yù)的降臨。要知道20年前全世界每年只有10多篇關(guān)于蛋白質(zhì)降解的論文，而現(xiàn)在這個(gè)數(shù)字已經(jīng)上升到了四位數(shù)。
記者：你對(duì)那些有志于摘取諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的青年們有什么建議？
赫什科：應(yīng)該說(shuō)是對(duì)那些有志做科研的人們，而不是為了摘取諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的人們。我希望他們能夠用獨(dú)特的新奇的眼光發(fā)掘真正重要的問(wèn)題，盡管這些問(wèn)題并不一定是該學(xué)科當(dāng)前的熱點(diǎn)。然后就需要堅(jiān)持不懈地努力。
諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲獎(jiǎng)感言——英文
THEPRESIDENT:YourMajesties,YourRoyalHighnesses,distinguishedmembersoftheNorwegianNobelCommittee,citizensofAmerica,andcitizensoftheworld:Ireceivethishonorwithdeepgratitudeandgreathumility.Itisanawardthatspeakstoourhighestaspirations--thatforallthecrueltyandhardshipofourworld,wearenotmereprisonersoffate.Ouractionsmatter,andcanbendhistoryinthedirectionofjustice.
AndyetIwouldberemiifIdidnotacknowledgetheconsiderablecontroversythatyourgenerousdecisionhasgenerated.(Laughter.)Inpart,thisisbecauseIamatthebeginning,andnottheend, http://www.lady-power.com paredtosomeofthegiantsofhistorywhovereceivedthisprize--SchweitzerandKing;MarshallandMandela--myaccomplishmentsareslight.Andthentherearethemenandwomenaroundtheworldwhohavebeenjailedandbeateninthepursuitofjustice;thosewhotoilinhumanitarianorganizationstorelievesuffering;theunrecognizedmillionswhosequietactsofcourageandcompassioninspireeventhemosthardenedcynics.Icannotarguewiththosewhofindthesemenandwomen--someknown,someobscuretoallbutthosetheyhelp--tobefarmoredeservingofthishonorthanI.
ButperhapsthemostprofoundissuesurroundingmyreceiptofthisprizeisthefactthatIamtheCommander-in-Chiefofthemilitaryofanationinthemidstoftwowars.Oneofthesewarsiswindingdown.TheotherisaconflictthatAmericadidnotseek;oneinwhichwearejoinedby42othercountries--includingNorway--inanefforttodefendourselvesandallnationsfromfurtherattacks.
Still,weareatwar,andImresponsibleforthedeploymentofthousandsofyoungAmericanstobattleinadistantland.Somewillkill,andsomewillbekilled.AndsoIcomeherewithanacutesenseofthecostsofarmedconflict--filledwithdifficultquestionsabouttherelationshipbetweenwarandpeace,andourefforttoreplaceonewiththeother.
Nowthesequestionsarenotnew.War,inoneformoranother,appearedwiththefirstman.Atthedawnofhistory,itsmoralitywasnotquestioned;itwassimplyafact,likedroughtordisease--themannerinwhichtribesandthencivilizationssoughtpowerandsettledtheirdifferences.
Andovertime,ascodesoflawsoughttocontrolviolencewithingroups,sodid
philosophersandclericsandstatesmenseektoregulatethedestructivepowerofwar.Theconceptofa“justwar”emerged,suggestingthatwarisjustifiedonlywhencertainconditionsweremet:ifitiswagedasalastresortorinself-defense;iftheforceusedisproportional;andif,wheneverpossible,civiliansaresparedfromviolence.
Ofcourse,weknowthatformostofhistory,thisconceptof“justwar”wasrarelyobserved.Thecapacityofhumanbeingstothinkupnewwaystokilloneanotherprovedinexhaustible,asdidourcapacitytoexemptfrommercythosewholookdifferentorpraytoadifferentGod.Warsbetweenarmiesgavewaytowarsbetween1
http://www.lady-power.com hespanof30years,suchcarnagewouldtwiceengulfthiscontinent.AndwhileitshardtoconceiveofacausemorejustthanthedefeatoftheThirdReichandtheAxispowers,WorldWarIIwasaconflictinwhichthetotalnumberofcivilianswhodiedexceededthenumberofsoldierswhoperished.
Inthewakeofsuchdestruction,andwiththeadventofthenuclearage,itbecamecleartovictorandvanquishedalikethattheworldneededinstitutionstopreventanotherworldwar.Andso,aquartercenturyaftertheUnitedStatesSenaterejectedtheLeagueofNations--anideaforwhichWoodrowWilsonreceivedthisprize--Americaledtheworldinconstructinganarchitecturetokeepthepeace:aMarshallPlanandaUnitedNations,mechanismstogovernthewagingofwar,treatiestoprotecthumanrights,preventgenocide,restrictthemostdangerousweapons.
Inmanyways,theseeffortssucceeded.Yes,terriblewarshavebeenfought, http://www.lady-power.com mercehasstitchedmuchoftheworldtogether.Billionshavebeenliftedfrompoverty.Theidealsoflibertyand
self-determination,equalityandtheruleoflawhavehaltinglyadvanced.Wearetheheirsofthefortitudeandforesightofgenerationspast,anditisalegacyforwhichmyowncountryisrightfullyproud.
Andyet,adecadeintoanewcentury,thisoldarchitectureisbucklingundertheweightofnewthreats.Theworldmaynolongershudderattheprospectofwarbetweentwonuclearsuperpowers,butproliferationmayincreasetheriskof
catastrophe.Terrorismhaslongbeenatactic,butmoderntechnologyallowsafewsmallmenwithoutsizedragetomurderinnocentsonahorrificscale.
Moreover,warsbetweennationshaveincreasinglygivenwaytowarswithinnations.Theresurgenceofethnicorsectarianconflicts;thegrowthofsecessionistmovements,insurgencies, http://www.lady-power.com odayswars,manymoreciviliansarekilledthansoldiers;theseedsoffutureconflictaresown,economiesarewrecked,civilsocietiestornasunder,refugeesamassed,childrenscarred.
Idonotbringwithmetodayadefinitivesolutiontotheproblemsofwar.WhatIdoknowisthatmeetingthesechallengeswillrequirethesamevision,hardwork,andpersistenceofthosemenandwomenwhoactedsoboldlydecadesago.Anditwillrequireustothinkinnewwaysaboutthenotionsofjustwarandtheimperativesofajustpeace.
Wemustbeginbyacknowledgingthehardtruth:Wewillnoteradicateviolent
conflictinourlifetimes.Therewillbetimeswhennations--actingindividuallyorinconcert--willfindtheuseofforcenotonlynecessarybutmorallyjustified.
ImakethisstatementmindfulofwhatMartinLutherKingJr.saidinthissame2
ceremonyyearsago:“Violenceneverbringspermanentpeace.Itsolvesnosocialproblem:itmerelycreatesnewandmorecomplicatedones.”AssomeonewhostandshereasadirectconsequenceofDr.Kingslifework,Iamlivingtestimonytothemoralforceofnon-violence.Iknowtheresnothingweak--nothingpassive--nothingna?ve--inthecreedandlivesofGandhiandKing.
Butasaheadofstatesworntoprotectanddefendmynation,Icannotbeguidedbytheirexamplesalone.Ifacetheworldasitis,andcannotstandidleinthefaceofthreatstotheAmericanpeople.Formakenomistake:Evildoesexistintheworld.Anon-violentmovementcouldnothavehaltedHitlersarmies.NegotiationscannotconvincealQaedasleaderstolaydowntheirarms.Tosaythatforcemaysometimesbenecessaryisnotacalltocynicism--itisarecognitionofhistory;theimperfectionsofmanandthelimitsofreason.
Iraisethispoint,Ibeginwiththispointbecauseinmanycountriesthereisadeepambivalenceaboutmilitaryactiontoday,nomatterwhatthecause.Andattimes,thisisjoinedbyareflexivesuspicionofAmerica,theworldssolemilitarysuperpower.
Buttheworldmustrememberthatitwasnotsimplyinternationalinstitutions--notjusttreatiesanddeclarations--thatbroughtstabilitytoapost-WorldWarIIworld.Whatevermistakeswehavemade,theplainfactisthis:TheUnitedStatesofAmericahashelpedunderwriteglobalsecurityformorethansixdecadeswiththebloodofourcitizensandthestrengthofourarms.TheserviceandsacrificeofourmenandwomeninuniformhaspromotedpeaceandprosperityfromGermanytoKorea,andenableddemocracytotakeholdinplacesliketheBalkans.Wehavebornethisburdennotbecauseweseektoimposeourwill.Wehavedonesooutofenlightenedself-interest--becauseweseekabetterfutureforourchildrenandgrandchildren,andwebelievethattheirliveswillbebetterifotherschildrenandgrandchildrencanliveinfreedomandprosperity.
Soyes,theinstrumentsofwardohavearoletoplayinpreservingthepeace.Andyetthistruthmustcoexistwithanother--thatnomatterhowjustified,warpromiseshumantragedy.Thesoldierscourageandsacrificeisfullofglory,expressing
devotiontocountry,tocause,tocomradesinarms.Butwaritselfisneverglorious,andwemustnevertrumpetitassuch.
Sopartofourchallengeisreconcilingthesetwoseeminglyinreconcilabletruths--thatwarissometimesnecessary, http://www.lady-power.com ncretely,wemustdirectourefforttothetaskthatPresidentKennedycalledforlongago.“Letusfocus,”hesaid,“onamorepractical,moreattainablepeace,basednotonasuddenrevolutioninhumannaturebutonagradualevolutioninhumaninstitutions.”Agradualevolutionofhumaninstitutions.
Whatmightthisevolutionlooklike?Whatmightthesepracticalstepsbe?3
Tobeginwith,Ibelievethatallnations--strongandweakalike--mustadheretostandardsthatgoverntheuseofforce.I--likeanyheadofstate--reservetherighttoactunilaterallyifnecessarytodefendmynation.Nevertheless,Iamconvincedthatadheringtostandards,internationalstandards,strengthensthosewhodo,andisolatesandweakensthosewhodont.
TheworldralliedaroundAmericaafterthe9/11attacks,andcontinuestosupportoureffortsinAfghanistan,becauseofthehorrorofthosesenseleattacksandtherecognizedprincipleofself-defense.Likewise,theworldrecognizedtheneedtoconfrontSaddamHusseinwhenheinvadedKuwait--aconsensusthatsentaclearmessagetoallaboutthecostofaggression.
Furthermore,America--infact,nonation--caninsistthatothersfollowtherulesoftheroadifwerefusetofollowthemourselves.Forwhenwedont,ouractionsappeararbitraryandundercutthelegitimacyoffutureinterventions,nomatterhowjustified.Andthisbecomesparticularlyimportantwhenthepurposeofmilitaryaction
extendsbeyondself-defenseorthedefenseofonenationagainstanaggressor.Moreandmore,weallconfrontdifficultquestionsabouthowtopreventtheslaughterofciviliansbytheirowngovernment,ortostopacivilwarwhoseviolenceandsufferingcanengulfanentireregion.
Ibelievethatforcecanbejustifiedonhumanitariangrounds,asitwasintheBalkans,orinotherplacesthathavebeenscarredbywar.Inactiontearsatourconscienceandcanleadtomorecostlyinterventionlater.Thatswhyallresponsiblenationsmustembracetherolethatmilitarieswithaclearmandatecanplaytokeepthepeace.Americascommitmenttoglobalsecuritywillneverwaver.Butinaworldinwhichthreatsaremorediffuse,andmissionsmorecomplex,Americacannotactalone.Americaalonecannotsecurethepeace.ThisistrueinAfghanistan.ThisistrueinfailedstateslikeSomalia,whereterrorismandpiracyisjoinedbyfamineandhumansuffering.Andsadly,itwillcontinuetobetrueinunstableregionsforyearstocome.
TheleadersandsoldiersofNATOcountries,andotherfriendsandallies,demonstratethistruththroughthecapacityandcouragetheyveshowninAfghanistan.Butinmanycountries,thereisadisconnectbetweentheeffortsofthosewhoserveandtheambivalenceofthebroaderpublic.Iunderstandwhywarisnotpopular,butIalsoknowthis:Thebeliefthatpeaceisdesirableisrarelyenoughtoachieveit.Peacerequiresresponsibility.Peaceentailssacrifice.ThatswhyNATOcontinuestobeindispensable.ThatswhywemuststrengthenU.N.andregionalpeacekeeping,andnotleavethetasktoafewcountries.ThatswhywehonorthosewhoreturnhomefrompeacekeepingandtrainingabroadtoOsloandRome;toOttawaandSydney;toDhakaandKigali--wehonorthemnotasmakersofwar,butofwagers--butaswagersofpeace.
Letmemakeonefinalpointabouttheuseofforce.Evenaswemakedifficult4
decisionsaboutgoingtowar,wemustalsothinkclearlyabouthowwefightit.TheNobelCommitteerecognizedthistruthinawardingitsfirstprizeforpeacetoHenryDunant--thefounderoftheRedCross,andadrivingforcebehindtheGenevaConventions.
Whereforceisnecessary,wehaveamoralandstrategicinterestinbindingourselvestocertainrulesofconduct.Andevenasweconfrontaviciousadversarythatabidesbynorules,IbelievetheUnitedStatesofAmericamustremainastandardbearerintheconductofwar.Thatiswhatmakesusdifferentfromthosewhomwefight.Thatisasourceofourstrength.ThatiswhyIprohibitedtorture.ThatiswhyIorderedtheprisonatGuantanamoBayclosed.AndthatiswhyIhavereaffirmedAmericascommitmenttoabidebytheGenevaConventions.Weloseourselveswhenwe
compromisetheveryidealsthatwefighttodefend.(Applause.)Andwehonor--wehonorthoseidealsbyupholdingthemnotwhenitseasy,butwhenitishard.
Ihavespokenatsomelengthtothequestionthatmustweighonourmindsandourheartsaswechoosetowagewar.Butletmenowturntoourefforttoavoidsuchtragicchoices,andspeakofthreewaysthatwecanbuildajustandlastingpeace.
First,indealingwiththosenationsthatbreakrulesandlaws,Ibelievethatwemustdevelopalternativestoviolencethataretoughenoughtoactuallychangebehavior--forifwewantalastingpeace,thenthewordsoftheinternationalcommunitymustmeansomething.Thoseregimesthatbreaktherulesmustbeheldaccountable.
http://www.lady-power.com ransigencemustbemetwithincreasedpressure--andsuchpressureexistsonlywhentheworldstandstogetherasone.
Oneurgentexampleistheefforttopreventthespreadofnuclearweapons, http://www.lady-power.com hemiddleofthelastcentury,nationsagreedtobeboundbyatreatywhosebargainisclear:Allwillhaveaccetopeacefulnuclearpower;thosewithoutnuclearweaponswillforsakethem;andthosewithnuclearweaponswillworktowardsdisarmament.Iamcommittedtoupholdingthistreaty.Itisa
centerpieceofmyforeignpolicy.AndImworkingwithPresidentMedvedevtoreduceAmericaandRussiasnuclearstockpiles.
ButitisalsoincumbentuponallofustoinsistthatnationslikeIranandNorthKoreadonotgamethesystem.Thosewhoclaimtorespectinternationallawcannotaverttheireyeswhenthoselawsareflouted.ThosewhocarefortheirownsecuritycannotignorethedangerofanarmsraceintheMiddleEastorEastAsia.Thosewhoseekpeacecannotstandidlybyasnationsarmthemselvesfornuclearwar.
Thesameprincipleappliestothosewhoviolateinternationallawsbybrutalizingtheirownpeople.WhenthereisgenocideinDarfur,systematicrapeinCongo,repressioninBurma--theremustbeconsequences.Yes,therewillbeengagement;yes,therewillbediplomacy--buttheremustbeconsequenceswhenthosethingsfail.Andthecloserwestandtogether,thelelikelywewillbefacedwiththechoicebetweenarmedinterventionandcomplicityinoppression.
Thisbringsmetoasecondpoint--thenatureofthepeacethatweseek.Forpeaceisnotmerelytheabsenceofvisibleconflict.Onlyajustpeacebasedontheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryindividualcantrulybelasting.
http://www.lady-power.com hewakeofdevastation,theyrecognizedthatifhumanrightsarenotprotected,peaceisahollowpromise.
Andyettoooften,thesewordsareignored.Forsomecountries,thefailuretoupholdhumanrightsisexcusedbythefalsesuggestionthatthesearesomehowWesternprinciples,foreigntolocalculturesorstagesofanationsdevelopment.AndwithinAmerica,therehaslongbeenatensionbetweenthosewhodescribethemselvesasrealistsoridealists--atensionthatsuggestsastarkchoicebetweenthenarrowpursuitofinterestsoranendlecampaigntoimposeourvaluesaroundtheworld.
Irejectthesechoices.Ibelievethatpeaceisunstablewherecitizensaredeniedtherighttospeakfreelyorworshipastheyplease;choosetheirownleadersorassemblewithoutfear.Pent-upgrievancesfester,andthesuppressionoftribalandreligiousidentitycanleadtoviolence.Wealsoknowthattheoppositeistrue.OnlywhenEuropebecamefreediditfinallyfindpeace.Americahasneverfoughtawaragainstademocracy,andourclosestfriendsaregovernmentsthatprotecttherightsoftheircitizens.Nomatterhowcallouslydefined,neitherAmericasinterests--northeworlds--areservedbythedenialofhumanaspirations.
Soevenaswerespecttheuniquecultureandtraditionsofdifferentcountries,Americawillalwaysbeavoiceforthoseaspirationsthatareuniversal.WewillbearwitnetothequietdignityofreformerslikeAungSangSuuKyi;tothebraveryof
Zimbabweanswhocasttheirballotsinthefaceofbeatings;tothehundredsof
thousandswhohavemarchedsilentlythroughthestreetsofIran.Itistellingthattheleadersofthesegovernmentsfeartheaspirationsoftheirownpeoplemorethanthepowerofanyothernation.Anditistheresponsibilityofallfreepeopleandfree
nationstomakeclearthatthesemovements--thesemovementsofhopeandhistory--theyhaveusontheirside.
Letmealsosaythis:Thepromotionofhumanrightscannotbeaboutexhortationalone.Attimes,itmustbecoupledwithpainstakingdiplomacy.Iknowthat
engagementwithrepressiveregimeslacksthesatisfyingpurityofindignation.ButIalsoknowthatsanctionswithoutoutreach--condemnationwithoutdiscussion--cancarryforwardonlyacripplingstatusquo.Norepressiveregimecanmovedownanewpathunleithasthechoiceofanopendoor.
InlightoftheCulturalRevolutionshorrors,NixonsmeetingwithMaoappearedinexcusable--andyetitsurelyhelpedsetChinaonapathwheremillionsofitscitizenshavebeenliftedfrompovertyandconnectedtoopensocieties.PopeJohnPaulsengagementwithPolandcreatedspacenotjustfortheCatholicChurch,butforlaborleaderslikeLechWalesa.RonaldReaganseffortsonarmscontrolandembrace
ofperestroikanotonlyimprovedrelationswiththeSovietUnion,butempowereddissidentsthroughoutEasternEurope.Theresnosimpleformulahere.Butwemusttryasbestwecantobalanceisolationandengagement,pressureandincentives,sothathumanrightsanddignityareadvancedovertime.
Third,ajustpeaceincludesnotonlycivilandpoliticalrights--itmustencompaeconomicsecurityandopportunity.Fortruepeaceisnotjustfreedomfromfear,butfreedomfromwant.
Itisundoubtedlytruethatdevelopmentrarelytakesrootwithoutsecurity;itisalsotruethatsecuritydoesnotexistwherehumanbeingsdonothaveaccetoenoughfood,orcleanwater,orthemedicineandsheltertheyneedtosurvive.Itdoesnotexistwherechildrencantaspiretoadecenteducationorajobthatsupportsafamily.Theabsenceofhopecanrotasocietyfromwithin.
Andthatswhyhelpingfarmersfeedtheirownpeople--ornationseducatetheir
childrenandcareforthesick--isnotmerecharity.Itsalsowhytheworldmustcometogethertoconfrontclimatechange.Thereislittlescientificdisputethatifwedonothing,wewillfacemoredrought,morefamine,moremadisplacement--allofwhichwillfuelmoreconflictfordecades.Forthisreason,itisnotmerelyscientistsandenvironmentalactivistswhocallforswiftandforcefulaction--itsmilitary
leadersinmyowncountryandotherswhounderstandourcommonsecurityhangsinthebalance.
Agreementsamongnations.Stronginstitutions.Supportforhumanrights.
Investmentsindevelopment.AllthesearevitalingredientsinbringingabouttheevolutionthatPresidentKennedyspokeabout.Andyet,Idonotbelievethatwewillhavethewill,thedetermination,thestayingpower,tocompletethisworkwithoutsomethingmore--andthatsthecontinuedexpansionofourmoralimagination;aninsistencethattheressomethingirreduciblethatweallshare.
Astheworldgrowssmaller,youmightthinkitwouldbeeasierforhumanbeingstorecognizehowsimilarweare;tounderstandthatwereallbasicallyseekingthesamethings;thatweallhopeforthechancetoliveoutourliveswithsomemeasureofhappineandfulfillmentforourselvesandourfamilies.
Andyetsomehow,giventhedizzyingpaceofglobalization,theculturallevelingofmodernity,itperhapscomesasnosurprisethatpeoplefeartheloofwhattheycherishintheirparticularidentities--theirrace,theirtribe,andperhapsmost
powerfullytheirreligion.Insomeplaces,thisfearhasledtoconflict.Attimes,itevenfeelslikeweremovingbackwards.WeseeitintheMiddleEast,astheconflictbetweenArabsandJewsseemstoharden.Weseeitinnationsthataretornasunderbytriballines.
Andmostdangerously,weseeitinthewaythatreligionisusedtojustifythemurder
ofinnocentsbythosewhohavedistortedanddefiledthegreatreligionofIslam,andwhoattackedmycountryfromAfghanistan.TheseextremistsarenotthefirsttokillinthenameofGod;thecrueltiesoftheCrusadesareamplyrecorded.ButtheyremindusthatnoHolyWarcaneverbeajustwar.Forifyoutrulybelievethatyouarecarryingoutdivinewill,thenthereisnoneedforrestraint--noneedtosparethepregnantmother,orthemedic,ortheRedCroworker,orevenapersonofonesownfaith.Suchawarpedviewofreligionisnotjustincompatiblewiththeconceptofpeace,butIbelieveitsincompatiblewiththeverypurposeoffaith--fortheonerulethatliesattheheartofeverymajorreligionisthatwedountoothersaswewouldhavethemdountous.
Adheringtothislawoflovehasalwaysbeenthecorestruggleofhumannature.Forwearefallible.Wemakemistakes,andfallvictimtothetemptationsofpride,andpower,andsometimesevil.Eventhoseofuswiththebestofintentionswillattimesfailtorightthewrongsbeforeus.
Butwedonothavetothinkthathumannatureisperfectforustostillbelievethatthehumanconditioncanbeperfected.Wedonothavetoliveinanidealizedworldtostillreachforthoseidealsthatwillmakeitabetterplace.Thenon-violencepracticedbymenlikeGandhiandKingmaynothavebeenpracticalorpossibleinevery
circumstance,butthelovethattheypreached--theirfundamentalfaithinhumanprogre--thatmustalwaysbetheNorthStarthatguidesusonourjourney.
Forifwelosethatfaith--ifwedismiitassillyorna?ve;ifwedivorceitfromthedecisionsthatwemakeonissuesofwarandpeace--thenwelosewhatsbestabouthumanity.Weloseoursenseofpossibility.Weloseourmoralcompass.
Likegenerationshavebeforeus,wemustrejectthatfuture.AsDr.Kingsaidatthisoccasionsomanyyearsago,“Irefusetoacceptdespairasthefinalresponsetotheambiguitiesofhistory.Irefusetoaccepttheideathattheisneofmanspresentconditionmakeshimmorallyincapableofreachingupfortheeternaloughtnethatforeverconfrontshim.”
Letusreachfortheworldthatoughttobe--thatsparkofthedivinethatstillstirswithineachofoursouls.(Applause.)
Somewheretoday,inthehereandnow,intheworldasitis,asoldierseeshesoutgunned,butstandsfirmtokeepthepeace.Somewheretoday,inthisworld,ayoungprotestorawaitsthebrutalityofhergovernment,buthasthecouragetomarchon.Somewheretoday,amotherfacingpunishingpovertystilltakesthetimetoteachherchild,scrapestogetherwhatfewcoinsshehastosendthatchildtoschool--becauseshebelievesthatacruelworldstillhasaplaceforthatchildsdreams.
Letuslivebytheirexample.Wecanacknowledgethatoppressionwillalwaysbewithus,andstillstriveforjustice.Wecanadmittheintractabilityofdepravation,andstillstrivefordignity.Clear-eyed,wecanunderstandthattherewillbewar,andstill
striveforpeace.Wecandothat--forthatisthestoryofhumanprogress;thatsthehopeofalltheworld;andatthismomentofchallenge,thatmustbeourworkhereonEarth.
Thankyouverymuch.