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2017高級(jí)會(huì)計(jì)師《職稱英語》考點(diǎn)：概念與完成句子
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Washoe LearnedAmerican Sign Language
一、概括大意
1. Paragraph 1______
2. Paragraph 2______
3. Paragraph 3______
4. Paragraph 4______
A. Reason why not many scientists carry out this researchnowadays
許多科學(xué)家現(xiàn)在不進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究的原因
B. Report about Washoe’s Progress in Learning Sign Language
Washoe學(xué)習(xí)手語的進(jìn)程的報(bào)告
C. General Information about Washoe
Washoe的基本信息
D. The Gardners’ Contributions Recognized
公認(rèn)的加德納的貢獻(xiàn)
E. Debate on Chimp’s Intelligence
對(duì)黑猩猩智力的爭論
F. Washoe’s Love for Three Young Chimps
Washoe對(duì)三只黑猩猩的愛
1. An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. Achimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natured causes late lastmonth at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state ofWashington.
Washoe had become known in the scientific community and aroundthe world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be thefirst non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate aboutprimates and their ability to understand language.
一個(gè)影響科學(xué)思維的動(dòng)物已經(jīng)死亡了。一只出生在非洲名為Washoe的黑猩猩上個(gè)月月底在美國華盛頓州的一個(gè)研究中心自然死亡，死時(shí)42歲。Washoe 在科學(xué)界和世界各地眾所周知，是因?yàn)樗軌蚴褂妹绹终Z。它是第一個(gè)了解人類語言的非人類。它的技能也導(dǎo)致有關(guān)靈長類動(dòng)物和它們所能理解的語言的爭議。
【解析】第一段主要介紹Washoe的出生地、死亡年齡、學(xué)習(xí)手語等基本情況。
【答案】C.General Information about Washoe2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teachingWashoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe’s progressin a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grewto understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicatewhen it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas.
She also asked questions like,“who is coming to play?” Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists beganstudies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The wholedirection of primate research changed.
科學(xué)家Allen和Beatrix Gardner從1966年開始教Washoe手語。1969年， Gardner夫婦在科學(xué)的報(bào)告中描述了Washoe的進(jìn)步。對(duì)Washoe做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人說Washoe逐漸掌握了約250個(gè)單詞。例如，Washoe能用手語表達(dá)“該吃飯了”。它能要蘋果和香蕉這樣的食品。它也問諸如“誰要來玩”之類的問題。Washoe能用手語的消息一散開，許多語言學(xué)家開始在他們自己這一令人振奮的新研究領(lǐng)域展開研究。靈長類動(dòng)物的整個(gè)研究方向改變了。
【解析】第二段的關(guān)鍵句為劃線句。之后的內(nèi)容簡略介紹了Washoe的學(xué)習(xí)情況和影響。
【答案】B：Report about Washoe’s Progress in Learning Sign Language3.However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat signlanguage movements from watching her teachers. They said she had neverdeveloped true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers whosuggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signsonly for prizes.
Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a formerstudent of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
然而，批評(píng)者認(rèn)為Washoe只學(xué)會(huì)了看它的教師的手語重復(fù)動(dòng)作。他們說Washoe從來沒有發(fā)展真正的語言技能。即使是現(xiàn)在，也有一些研究學(xué)者認(rèn)為靈長類動(dòng)物學(xué)習(xí)手語只是機(jī)械重復(fù)、死記硬背、物質(zhì)刺激的結(jié)果。可是Washoe的飼養(yǎng)員不同意這種說法。Roger Fouts以前是Gardner夫婦的學(xué)生。Roger Fouts把Washoe帶到了華盛頓埃倫斯堡的一個(gè)研究中心。在這里，Washoe教三個(gè)年輕的黑猩猩手語，這三個(gè)黑猩猩依然活著。
【解析】第三段主要介紹了對(duì)于Washoe會(huì)手語的兩種觀點(diǎn)。一種是認(rèn)為Washoe只是死記硬背的動(dòng)作，不是真正的語言技能;另一種的認(rèn)為Washoe會(huì)手語是智能的表現(xiàn)，且能教其他猩猩手語。
【答案】E. Debate on Chimp’sIntelligence4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believeWashoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees.Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
像Jane Goodall這樣的獨(dú)立的科學(xué)家相信，Washoe為黑猩猩心理活動(dòng)的研究提供了新信息。今天，沒有那么多科學(xué)家研究黑猩猩的語言技能。部分原因在于這類研究需要花費(fèi)很長的時(shí)間。
【解析】該段解釋了為什么現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家不研究黑猩猩的語言技能。
【答案】A: Reason why not many scientists carry out this5.Debate continues about chimps’ understanding of human communication.Yet, one thing is sure—Washoe changed popular ideasabout the possibilities of animal intelligence.
對(duì)黑猩猩懂得人類交流與否的辯論仍在繼續(xù)。然而，有一件事卻是肯定的——Washoe改變了有關(guān)動(dòng)物智能可能性的普遍觀點(diǎn)。
二、完成句子
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate ____。
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F. while Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第二段
For example, Washoe made signs tocommunicate when it was time to eat. She could request foodslike apples and bananas. She also asked questions like,“who iscoming to play?”
【答案】C. whenshe wanted to eat
6. Some scientists doubted _____
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F.while Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第三段
However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeatsign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she hadnever developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers whosuggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signsonly for prizes.
【答案】A. if theGardner’s argument was sound7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language ____.
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F.while Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第三段
Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. Hetook Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoetaught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
【答案】D. whileshe was at a research center in Ellensburg
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent _____.
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F.while Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第二段
The people who madesigns to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods likeapples and bananas.
【答案】E.because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
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