考研英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)和主旨型題目答案如何定位
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀出題一般有兩大類，考察的細(xì)節(jié)，或者考察的主旨，像這樣的題型我們應(yīng)該找到定位答案。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)和主旨型題目答案指導(dǎo)，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)和主旨型題目答案指南
1.考查細(xì)節(jié)題型：
(1)可以根據(jù)題干定位的，如題干中含有“According to Paragraph 4....”、“the XXX report suggests that...”、“What do we learn from XXX...”，通過(guò)題干中的信息可以在文章定位，這種題型是最適合分塊閱讀的。我也認(rèn)真分析過(guò)近幾年的真題，從應(yīng)試的角度來(lái)說(shuō)(因?yàn)榭荚嚂r(shí)時(shí)間比較緊，有時(shí)候不得不采用一些技巧)，不管是正解還是干擾項(xiàng)，其跨度不會(huì)超過(guò)兩個(gè)段落，這一題的正解一般也不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在下一題的正解之后。對(duì)于這類題，假設(shè)正解在第二段，那么3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)至少有兩個(gè)在第二段或附近，我確實(shí)沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)都散落在文章各個(gè)地方的情況。對(duì)這種可以定位的題型，根據(jù)我做真題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在附近找不到干擾項(xiàng)的話，可以直接當(dāng)做無(wú)中生有處理。從出題人的角度來(lái)分析，他也不會(huì)把正解放太遠(yuǎn)，當(dāng)然這只是應(yīng)試時(shí)如果時(shí)間不充裕的一個(gè)技巧，如果有足夠的時(shí)間，還是可以去找一下。
(2)根據(jù)題干無(wú)法定位的，如“Which of the following is true according to the text?”、“The author may agree that...”，這類題考得很少，只在06、08年考過(guò)。這類題的干擾項(xiàng)比上種類型要分散一些，但是正解通常是按順序設(shè)置，這題的正解通常就在上題正解之后。當(dāng)然這類題確實(shí)是拉分的題，要排除干擾項(xiàng)也比較耗時(shí)。說(shuō)一下我的.做法吧，首先我在讀文章之前后掃一遍問(wèn)題，看到這類無(wú)法定位的題目后，我會(huì)大致記下四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思(至少有個(gè)印象)，在分塊精讀的時(shí)候，會(huì)注意有沒(méi)有碰到，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中一般能排除一兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。至于最后確定正解，在我做到該題時(shí)，根據(jù)上一題正解的位置，著重閱讀某個(gè)區(qū)域，以找到正解。
2.考查主旨題型：
如“The text intends to tell us that...”、“What's the best title?”，建議把每段或每塊的內(nèi)容歸納一下，結(jié)合每段的中心思想得出全文的中心思想。實(shí)際上在分塊精讀找正解排除錯(cuò)解的過(guò)程中，對(duì)本塊的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該有一定程度的了解。至于最后如何得出文章的中心思想，這是中學(xué)語(yǔ)文教的歸納總結(jié)的知識(shí)，跟英語(yǔ)沒(méi)多大關(guān)系，這種理解性的題目，考生和出題人的理解可能不一樣，只能在做真題的過(guò)程中熟悉出題人的思路。
推薦分塊閱讀
推薦分塊閱讀，最重要的原因在于，大部分題目(特別是其正解)就是按順序分塊設(shè)置的(這是通過(guò)分析近幾年考研閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)的)。換句話講，出題人是按順序出題的，分塊閱讀其實(shí)更是一個(gè)應(yīng)試的技巧。正是因?yàn)檫@點(diǎn)，分塊閱讀才是可行的。對(duì)于考查細(xì)節(jié)的題型，我是沒(méi)遇見(jiàn)過(guò)第2題的解在第5段、第4題的解在第1段的這種情況。
當(dāng)然所謂的分塊不是絕對(duì)的按順序來(lái)、沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)交叉。對(duì)于一些有難度的題目，各塊之間的界限可能比較模糊，但交叉的情況不多。以一篇真題為例，原文一共6段。
第1問(wèn)定位在第1段，正解在第1、2段。
第2問(wèn)定位在第2段，正解、干擾項(xiàng)在第2段。
第3問(wèn)“What can we learn from XXX?”，第2、3、6段都提到了XXX，其正解在第2、3段，干擾項(xiàng)有兩個(gè)在第2、3段，還有一個(gè)在第6段，但是從應(yīng)試技巧的角度，第6段的基本上可以排除掉。
第4問(wèn)“Which of the following is true according to the text?”，其正解在第5段，兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)在第4段，還有一個(gè)無(wú)中生有。
第5問(wèn)定位在第6段，正解在第6段。
再說(shuō)一下我是怎么做這篇閱讀的。第1、2問(wèn)就不說(shuō)了，到第3問(wèn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)在附近找不到，我就在干擾項(xiàng)上標(biāo)注一個(gè)記號(hào)，繼續(xù)往下讀，等做到第5問(wèn)的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)了其出處，再將其排除掉。對(duì)于第4問(wèn)，由于在第4、5段中找不到最后那個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的出處，先標(biāo)記一下，然后繼續(xù)下一問(wèn)，等其他四個(gè)問(wèn)題都搞定了，再在第1、2、3段重新搜索一下，因?yàn)榍叭畏謮K精讀過(guò)，有些印象，再掃一遍不會(huì)太耗時(shí)，最后發(fā)現(xiàn)找不到該干擾項(xiàng)的出處，當(dāng)做無(wú)中生有處理。
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)
(一)層層遞進(jìn)型
全文論述從抽象到具體，從簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜，文章開(kāi)始是對(duì)有關(guān)主題的一般介紹，然后一步一步將主題具體化。這類文章的各段開(kāi)始常出現(xiàn)表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的副詞，如in addition to， furthermore， moreover等，文章的主題一般可以通過(guò)綜合各段首句得出。
(二)一枝獨(dú)秀型
全文圍繞一個(gè)核心概念展開(kāi)，文章圍繞著這個(gè)概念、中心思想或者現(xiàn)象，從各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行分析和解釋說(shuō)明，最后對(duì)文章進(jìn)行總結(jié)，并再一次對(duì)該概念、中心思想進(jìn)行闡述。
(三)花開(kāi)兩朵型
文章開(kāi)始提出兩個(gè)核心概念，隨后分段論述。把握這種文章的關(guān)鍵是注意這兩個(gè)核心概念的定義，以及它們的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)分為兩類，一種是兩個(gè)概念是并列的，另一種是兩個(gè)概念形成對(duì)比，對(duì)于后一種文章要注意兩個(gè)概念之間的區(qū)別，以及作者對(duì)各自的態(tài)度。
(四)現(xiàn)象——解釋型
在現(xiàn)象——解釋型的文章中，作者在文章開(kāi)始給出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，相當(dāng)于提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行
解釋或分析現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的原因，存在的因數(shù)以及可能解決方案，作者可能提到幾個(gè)不同的解決方案，但是之后作者自己認(rèn)可的那種解決方案才是文章的重點(diǎn)和主題;在文章最后對(duì)現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題進(jìn)行總結(jié)說(shuō)明并進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)作者支持的那種解決辦法。
(五)問(wèn)題——解決方案型
在這類文章中，作者首先提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題，然后針對(duì)這一問(wèn)題給出解決方案。如果有多個(gè)解決方案，作者認(rèn)可的才是主題。
除了文章結(jié)構(gòu)外，對(duì)于報(bào)刊雜志體文章時(shí)文的一般特點(diǎn)也應(yīng)有所了解，因?yàn)檫@種文章在考研閱讀中占有極大比重。報(bào)刊雜志體文章的主要特點(diǎn)有：
1.引人入勝。通常以一個(gè)有趣或吸引人的故事或背景開(kāi)始。
2.拋磚引玉。講故事或交代背景的目的在于引出主題。所以，時(shí)文的主題常出現(xiàn)于首段的最后一句話或第二段的首句。
3.假裝客觀。作者開(kāi)始不說(shuō)出自己的觀點(diǎn)，貌似客觀地陳述各派觀點(diǎn)，最后才表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。在確定作者態(tài)度的時(shí)候，主要根據(jù)所舉的例子進(jìn)行判斷。如果例子表現(xiàn)一種正面態(tài)度，說(shuō)明作者對(duì)這一事物持正評(píng)價(jià);反之持負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)。
對(duì)于一篇完整的英文說(shuō)明文或者議論文來(lái)說(shuō)，不論其形式看上去有多么復(fù)雜多樣，但是套用一句老話：“萬(wàn)變不離其宗”即文章都遵循了特定的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)模式，在這些模式中采用頻率最高的是“現(xiàn)象—解釋型”型模式。這種模式的特點(diǎn)即提出問(wèn)題(提出說(shuō)明的事物或者現(xiàn)象)、分析問(wèn)題(對(duì)事物或者現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行說(shuō)明)、解決問(wèn)題(對(duì)說(shuō)明的事物或者現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行總結(jié))。
考研英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作拿高分的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
▶1. 主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句
“英文多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng)”，還需要警惕名詞與動(dòng)詞之間暗含的“主被動(dòng)”關(guān)系。
Eg1: It is said that …據(jù)說(shuō)/相傳
Eg2：I suggest that … It is suggested that …
Eg3：Effective measures should be taken before things get worse.表建議
Eg4: your prompt attention to my enquiry would be highly appreciated. 表感激
Eg5：Students should study hard.
Students are expected / well-advised to study hard.
▶2. 簡(jiǎn)單句變從句
名詞性從句，含主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句四種;定語(yǔ)從句;狀語(yǔ)從句
A. 主語(yǔ)從句：
Eg1：What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.
Eg2：It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it為形式主語(yǔ);that從句為真正主語(yǔ))
B.賓語(yǔ)從句：
Eg1：Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.
Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.
Eg3：明智的人不為別人的想法所影響。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.
C. 表語(yǔ)從句：
Eg1：That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.
Eg3：In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.
D. 同位語(yǔ)從句
Eg1：(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (該句中a dream = that 從句，)
Eg2：Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.
E. 含同位語(yǔ)句式
A.人 身份
Eg. I am convinced that …
As a college student, I am convinced that …
I, as a college student, am convinced that …
B. 物 性質(zhì)
Eg. A strong will brings us power …
As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…
A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…
插入語(yǔ)
Eg1：As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.
The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.
Eg2：All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.
The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.
Eg3：Even so, others hold a different view.
Others, even so, hold a different view.
Eg4：Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽車跟很多其他事物一樣，具有兩面性)
Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.
F. 定語(yǔ)從句：
步驟：1)先寫(xiě)出正確簡(jiǎn)單句，確定被修飾成分(中心名詞)
2)在中心名詞后加入定從，關(guān)系詞who, whose, whom, where, which, when
Eg1：Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.
Eg2：I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?
▶3. it 句式
A. 形式主語(yǔ) it is +被動(dòng)/形容詞/名詞+that從句/to do …
Eg1：It is suggested/ well-advised / supposed / proposed that sb. should (not) do …
Eg2：It is essential / necessary / advisable / convenient/ difficult/ hard/ comfortable for sb. (not) to do
Eg3：It is essential / necessary that sb. should (not) do …
Eg4：It is useless/useful doing sth.
B. 形式賓語(yǔ)
Eg1：An increasing number of students find it difficult to spell common words correctly.
Eg2：An increasing number of parents find it hard to have opportunities to chat with kids, who spend too much time on computers.
Eg3：A host of youngsters find it rather boring and hard to understand literature.
▶4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
A. 強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)：
Eg1：I love you. /I do love you. / I did love you.
Eg2：Cell phone/ Internet/ computer brings us convenience.
Cell phone/ Internet/ computer does bring us convenience.
B. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that/who+句子其他成分。
【步驟】
a. 先寫(xiě)出正確的簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句或復(fù)合句，明確單句的各個(gè)成分。
b. 在被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分(除謂語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)外)兩邊添加it is/was 和that/who， 其他成分不變，必要時(shí)調(diào)整順序。
【強(qiáng)調(diào)句式特征】去掉it is/was…that/who結(jié)構(gòu)，整個(gè)句子無(wú)冗余或成分殘缺。
Eg1：My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is my mother who/that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.
Eg2：Parents’ protection does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)句式否定形式)It is parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
Eg3：The Internet does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
It is the Internet that does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
▶5. 倒裝
A. 表否定的副詞、短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)位于主語(yǔ)之前或句首，主句半倒裝(一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no case,
Eg1：I will never agree. Never will I agree.
B. Only +狀語(yǔ)位于句首，主句半倒裝。
Eg1：When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness.
Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness.
Eg2：When his computer crashes, he will come down-stairs for something to eat.
Only when his computer crashes, will he come down-stairs for something to eat.
Eg3：By doing small things, teenagers can accumulate ability and experience for something big.
Only doing small thing, can teenagers accumulate ability and experience for something big.
C.As/though倒裝形式
Eg1：Although she is a girl, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Girl as she is, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Eg2：Though it is convenient, online shopping leads to some problems.
Convenient as/though it is, online shopping leads to some problems.
Eg3：Although it is simple, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
Simple as it is, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
▶6.雙重否定：
Eg1：no ____ is / are more _____ than ________.
In contemporary society, no means of communication is more popular and common than cell phones.
Eg2：A strong will is very important.
The importance of a strong will cannot be too emphasized.
Eg3：Education helps people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
Without education, it is impossible for people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
▶7. Ving/ved 狀語(yǔ)
A. 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生且主語(yǔ)一致，將次要?jiǎng)幼鲗?xiě)成v-ing或v-ed形式做狀語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)寫(xiě)成v-ing形式、為被動(dòng)關(guān)系是寫(xiě)成V-ed形式。
Eg1：I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase.
I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase.
Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase.
Eg2：When they are compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Bicycles, compared with cars, are superior in several ways.
B.兩個(gè)動(dòng)作主語(yǔ)一致，但前后發(fā)生，則可將先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作寫(xiě)成Having +ved形式。
Eg1：He had lived in this city for years. He had no difficulty finding the way home.
Having lived in this city for years, he had no difficulty finding the way home.
▶8. 排比結(jié)構(gòu)
Eg1：Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. (Bacon)
Eg2：We shall fight on the hills. We shall fight in the streets. We shall fight blood and sweet and tears. (Churchill)
Eg3：作為一種重要素質(zhì)，自信帶給我們力量、喚起我們對(duì)生活的熱愛(ài)、幫助我們戰(zhàn)勝困難。
As a vital quality, confidence brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for life, and helps us to conquer difficulties.
考研英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作，通過(guò)模板句型，經(jīng)典的例句完全可以得到比較理想的分?jǐn)?shù)，因?yàn)?ldquo;言簡(jiǎn)意賅”就是它的特點(diǎn)。而大作文對(duì)于語(yǔ)言表達(dá)上的要求要高幾個(gè)level，只是模式化的文字已經(jīng)不足以打動(dòng)考官，需要在原有的結(jié)構(gòu)上進(jìn)一步創(chuàng)新，讓考官看的跌宕起伏，還是昏昏欲睡才是高低分的關(guān)鍵所在。
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