考研英語(yǔ)翻譯沖刺的轉(zhuǎn)換技巧
我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行考研英語(yǔ)的沖刺階段時(shí)，需要把翻譯的轉(zhuǎn)換技巧掌握好。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)翻譯沖刺的轉(zhuǎn)換方法，歡迎大家前來閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)翻譯沖刺的轉(zhuǎn)換秘訣
一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換
詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語(yǔ)中的某一詞類譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一詞類。
(一)英語(yǔ)名詞、介詞、形容詞或副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此，對(duì)于一個(gè)從事社會(huì)活動(dòng)的人來講，培養(yǎng)一種愛好和新的情趣方式，乃是至關(guān)重要的對(duì)策。
(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.紅軍冒著刺骨的寒風(fēng)英勇前進(jìn)。
(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and， when the first excitement was over， felt that they had done well， and deserved praise.大家都沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到這番經(jīng)驗(yàn)卻是一次個(gè)性的考驗(yàn)，最初的興奮過去以后，又覺得自己已經(jīng)干得不錯(cuò)了，理應(yīng)受到贊揚(yáng)。
(4) He appeared at her side， breathing audibly， a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead， rigid.她到車站不一會(huì)兒，他便出現(xiàn)在她的身旁，聽見他喘息的聲音。她凝視著前方，表情嚴(yán)峻。
(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook， of a change of atmosphere， of a diversion of effort， is essential.然而，對(duì)所有這兩種類型的人來說，變換一下看法、改變一下環(huán)境和轉(zhuǎn)換一下注意力都是最基本的需要。
(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey， in Kenya， that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亞，她接到了父親去世并由她本人繼承王位的消息。
(二)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)名詞、形容詞
(1) The inflammation is characterized by red， swelling， fever， and pain.炎癥的特點(diǎn)是紅、腫、熱、痛。
(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天，來訪的客人和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。
(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國(guó)政府十分關(guān)心海外華僑。
(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是以禮相待。
(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美國(guó)絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)計(jì)，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。
(三)英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)形容詞、副詞
(1) He added： "I understand and respect those views， but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他還說："我理解并尊重他們的看法，但我深信我的決定是正確的。"
(2) They came back game and glee.他們興高采烈地回來了。
二、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換
句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語(yǔ)中的某一句子成分譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換在主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之間展開。例如：
(1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會(huì)上人們常�？梢钥闯龃笕宋锖蜔o名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。(主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為表語(yǔ);謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為主語(yǔ))
(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership， his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來的。(主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為主語(yǔ))
(3) Cheerful， efficient and warm-hearted， they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他們樂觀、能干、熱情，總是想方設(shè)法使你一路上順利舒適。(狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語(yǔ))
(4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她還沒有完全失去鎮(zhèn)靜，一時(shí)卻又找不出話可說。(主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為主語(yǔ))
(5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是這種出人意料的言論使我喜歡上了上校。他這個(gè)人還有那么點(diǎn)詩(shī)意呢。(主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語(yǔ);介詞賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為主語(yǔ))
三、表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在表達(dá)方式上往往因角度不同而異。要克服這些差異，翻譯時(shí)也就常有必要把一種表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種表達(dá)方式，使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
(一)英語(yǔ)中有一些計(jì)量詞，如score， dozen， decade， quarter等，在漢語(yǔ)中沒有相應(yīng)的表達(dá)方式，所以在漢譯時(shí)得對(duì)其加以轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
(1) Five score years ago， a great American， in whose symbolic shadow we stand， signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
100年以前，一位偉大的美國(guó)人簽署了解放宣言，我們現(xiàn)在就站在他象征性的庇蔭中。
(2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.
那5分鐘內(nèi)，有18架飛機(jī)涌進(jìn)了機(jī)場(chǎng)。
(3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.
87年前，我們的先輩在這個(gè)大陸上創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)新的國(guó)家。
(4) They had a dozen children， six boys and six girls， in seventeen years.
在17年中，他們生了12個(gè)孩子，6男6女。
(二)由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在表述角度上不盡相同，翻譯時(shí)常常有必要轉(zhuǎn)換角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表達(dá)自然。例如：
(1) She has been a widow only for six months.
她丈夫死了至今才不過半年。
(原文是從妻子的角度加以陳述的，而譯文是從丈夫的角度加以陳述的。如果不改變表達(dá)方式，而搬用原來的表達(dá)方式，那譯文就是："她只當(dāng)了6個(gè)月的寡婦。"這就會(huì)給人以錯(cuò)覺：她很快就改嫁了。)
(2)──Is there a special rate by the month?
──Yes， there is a 10% discount.
──按月計(jì)算有什么優(yōu)惠嗎?
──有，可以打9折。
四、自然語(yǔ)序與倒裝語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)換
句子的自然語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后。倒裝語(yǔ)序主要是指主謂倒裝。英語(yǔ)中使用倒裝語(yǔ)序，主要是為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣、突出重點(diǎn)、平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)等;而漢語(yǔ)中使用倒裝語(yǔ)序相對(duì)較少，所以英譯漢時(shí)，常常得將倒裝語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)換為自然語(yǔ)序。例如：
(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑開了。
(2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上來了。
五、正面表達(dá)與反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換
由于思維方式的不同，英語(yǔ)中有些從正面表達(dá)的東西在漢語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣從反面來表達(dá);而有些從反面來表達(dá)的東西在漢語(yǔ)中則習(xí)慣從正面來表達(dá)。因此，英譯漢時(shí)常常有必要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。這就是通常所說的"正說反譯、反說正譯"法。英語(yǔ)正面表達(dá)這里指的是不帶否定詞no， not ， never否定前綴non-， in-， im-， ir-， dis-和否定后綴-less等的句子，漢語(yǔ)正面表達(dá)則是指不帶"不"、"沒"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "無"、 "莫"、"勿"、"別"等否定詞語(yǔ)的句子;反之則是反面表達(dá)。
(一)英語(yǔ)正面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)反面表達(dá)
frost-free refrigerator無霜冰箱
Freeze!別動(dòng)!
Wet paint!油漆未干!
mortally ill 不治之癥
(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.這項(xiàng)建議差點(diǎn)通不過。
(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我們相信，年輕一代將不會(huì)辜負(fù)我們的信任。
(3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago， then New York， then San Francisco.Silence. Silence. Silence.他到一個(gè)戶外公用電話亭，先給芝加哥、又給紐約、舊金山打了電話。
(4) As a place to live， it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane， it was an excellent site， its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作為居住的地方，這里有許多不足之處，但作為改革性的新飛機(jī)秘密訓(xùn)練基地，卻是非常理想的。因?yàn)樗靥庍呞�，人們不易發(fā)覺其中的活動(dòng)。
(5) The pictures that linger in his mind， called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay， are of a simpler nature.然而，縈繞心頭的畫面，那些一經(jīng)嗅到玫瑰花香或新鮮干草的氣息便會(huì)倏地闖入記憶的情景，其實(shí)并不復(fù)雜。
(6) As he sipped his coffee， he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一面喝咖啡，一面翻開油墨未干的晨報(bào)，看了起來。
(7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.以前我總不懂父親為什么對(duì)那些脾氣跟他不一樣的人采取那么個(gè)態(tài)度。
(8) Sadly， Edward died before he could see the new church， but his beautiful tomb is still there， with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遺憾的是，愛德華未能看見新教堂就去世了，但是他那幽雅的墳?zāi)购退煤蟮挠?guó)國(guó)王和王后的墳?zāi)惯�都留在那里。
(二)英語(yǔ)反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)正面表達(dá)
(1) You can't be too careful.你要特別小心。
(2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.這些事件引起了我們的重視。
(3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice.這類飛行遲早會(huì)被人發(fā)覺的。
(4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking，damped-down coal stove， but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤氣若是從封上火的煤爐漏出，人體可以忍受一些時(shí)候，但人昏迷之后，不用很久就會(huì)死亡。
(5) But there is another story， a family saga， that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是，萊溫斯基和總統(tǒng)之間究竟發(fā)生了什么事，另外一個(gè)故事，即家史，最終對(duì)解開這個(gè)謎十分重要。
(6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective，unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities， our political strengths and economic advantages， and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持這種可靠性需要以下客觀的、明確的事實(shí)來對(duì)付潛在的對(duì)手：我們達(dá)到平衡的軍事能力、我們的政治實(shí)力和經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)以及我們必要時(shí)使用這些手段進(jìn)行自衛(wèi)的毫不含糊的決心。
考研英語(yǔ)沖刺如何用好作文模板
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
大家肯定對(duì)這道題十分熟悉。按照大作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的“內(nèi)容完整”，我們需要將大作文寫成3段話：第一段“描述圖畫”;第二段“闡述寓意”;第三段“個(gè)人評(píng)論”。這三個(gè)要求根本不用去記，因?yàn)轭}目當(dāng)中已經(jīng)有了。
第一段的段落思路：“直觀評(píng)價(jià)、整體描述、細(xì)節(jié)描述、過渡句”。
第一句我們只需要對(duì)這幅圖畫進(jìn)行直觀評(píng)價(jià)就可以了�？梢詫懗蒞hat an interesting picture it is! 怎么記?只要記住這是一個(gè)感嘆句句式即可。第二句記憶的時(shí)候，弄清楚前后兩個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。As is vividly depicted in the photo, a hot pot is boiling a lot of different things with much hot steam gushing, which successfully captures our eyes. 第三句可以寫成After a close watch, it is not difficult to find that many kinds of culture have been mixed in the same small hot pot, symbolizing the exchange of many different kinds of culture from all over the world. 在記憶的時(shí)候，只需記住是“狀語(yǔ)+it形式主語(yǔ)句+主干”即可。Apparently, what the drawing has subtly conveyed deserves a further analysis. 這是最后一句，相信大家能立馬分清：這是主語(yǔ)從句。
接著看第二段。第二段的思路是：“關(guān)鍵句(總)、具體原因(分)、結(jié)果分析”。
例子：
Theoretically, the phenomenon presented by the drawing brings us both advantages and disadvantages. As for my part, the former outweighs its latter. On the top of list is that the same earth village could bring us much more commerce opportunities, which help the whole development of the world. In addition, there is the other point that no one can ignore. It is no doubt that more friendly cooperation from different countries may promote the development of diplomatic relations between countries. No other case can better illustrate the phenomenon than the picture above.
其實(shí)，第一句就是“主謂賓”的結(jié)構(gòu)，后面的原因句子，“On the top of list is that...”是我們教大家的框架句子。“In addition, there is the other point that...”這樣的句式其實(shí)就是就是“There be +that從句”。
來看最后一段。段落思路是“關(guān)鍵句+具體建議+結(jié)尾句”。由于本題屬于“社會(huì)現(xiàn)象”，所以可以寫成以下段落。記憶這些句子時(shí)，注意句式：it形式主語(yǔ)句式、倒裝句等。
According to the analysis above, it is advisable for us to take steps to maximize its positive effects and minimize the disadvantages. Of all the steps, mass media tends to function essentially in the job. Only in this way can we make the best of the value of global communication between mass kinds of culture .
所以同學(xué)們?cè)跍?zhǔn)備考研英語(yǔ)作文時(shí)一定要把握住每個(gè)段落的思路，每個(gè)句式的.特點(diǎn)。一定要弄清楚每個(gè)句子怎么構(gòu)成的，只有先理解句子的語(yǔ)法構(gòu)成，才能順利記住這些“神通廣大”的句子，并且將它們補(bǔ)齊寫成自己特有的亮點(diǎn)句子。
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的重要詞匯
1. authority 權(quán)威，當(dāng)局
Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.
墨西哥當(dāng)局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。
One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.
一位權(quán)威人士說道，這些極其強(qiáng)大的精神事件不但可以約束，還可以有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行控制。
2. equivalent 等價(jià)物
The digital credential would be a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card.
該數(shù)字證書可以成為一個(gè)"自愿受信身份"系統(tǒng)，從而成為物理密鑰、指紋以及身份證的高科技等價(jià)物。
3. alternative 替代物
They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
他們更愿意握緊自己的錢包，把在家吃飯作為一種現(xiàn)實(shí)的替代。
4. substitute 代替物
Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.
忠誠(chéng)的音樂會(huì)愛好者回答道，唱片并不能`1代替現(xiàn)場(chǎng)表演。
5. community 具有共性的人 (社區(qū)，…屆)
The approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a trusted community.
該方法能夠在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間建一個(gè)"有墻的花園"，具有安全的"鄰里關(guān)系"以及明亮的"街燈"，從而創(chuàng)造出一種安全社區(qū)的意識(shí)。
6. transaction 交易
The individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence.
個(gè)人和組織能夠充滿信任地完全在線交易。
7. mentality 心態(tài)
It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulsory of Internet "driver's license" mentality.
該計(jì)劃看來明顯是一個(gè)最初的推斷，最終將形成一種英特網(wǎng)強(qiáng)制性"駕駛執(zhí)照"的心態(tài)。
8. skepticism 懷疑
The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts.
該方案也遭到了電腦安全專家的懷疑。
History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.
歷史和新聞變得令人困惑，人們開始產(chǎn)生一種懷疑與樂觀相混合的印象。
9. executive 高級(jí)管理者
But Edward Dolman, the chief executive, says: "I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."
但是首席執(zhí)行官愛德華·多爾曼說道："我完全相信現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是在底部了。"
10. irony 諷刺
This episode crystallizes the irony that, although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they rarely talk at home.
該情節(jié)體現(xiàn)出一種諷刺，那就是，籍貫美國(guó)男性在公共場(chǎng)合比女性說話多，但在家里，他們很少說話。
11. preference 偏愛
The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out.
首先并且最重要的是消費(fèi)者不斷增長(zhǎng)的對(duì)外出就餐的偏愛。
12. predominance 優(yōu)勢(shì)
Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.
不可避免的事，這種從優(yōu)勢(shì)地位退下來的感覺是痛苦的。
13. pattern 圖案，模式
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
政治科學(xué)家安德魯·哈克在上世紀(jì)七十年代觀察到這一模式。
14. infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施
Big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence.
大型零售商在管理產(chǎn)品類別、物流、以及營(yíng)銷智能化方面，可以應(yīng)用其規(guī)模、已有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和歷經(jīng)考驗(yàn)的技能，這是有利可圖的。
15. inequity 不公正
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband.
在我自己的研究中，女性們對(duì)于丈夫的抱怨通常并非針對(duì)那些明顯的不公正，例如放棄職業(yè)來陪伴丈夫。
16. humanity 人類，人性
He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.
他的正在發(fā)表的一篇論文不僅暗示出某個(gè)人類群體會(huì)比其他群體更聰明，還解釋了這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的過程。
His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.
他主要關(guān)注的是人文學(xué)科：文學(xué)，語(yǔ)言，哲學(xué)等等。
17. revival 復(fù)活，復(fù)興
Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.
卡杜斯的批判性評(píng)論有機(jī)會(huì)復(fù)活嗎?這看來很遙遠(yuǎn)。
18. amateur 業(yè)余愛好者
Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
另外，音樂評(píng)論中的業(yè)余愛好者傳統(tǒng)在急劇衰退。
19. corporation 公司
Corporations could use such approaches to introduce new routines.
公司應(yīng)當(dāng)采用這些方法來塑造新的慣例。
It's a self-examination that has involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
這是一種自我檢查，其中包含責(zé)任、創(chuàng)造性自由和公司底線等問題。
20. economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)體
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.
富裕國(guó)家不像過去那么依賴石油，因此對(duì)油價(jià)波動(dòng)就不那么敏感。
21. adolescent 青少年
Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.
口香糖曾經(jīng)主要是青少年購(gòu)買，現(xiàn)在則經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在商業(yè)廣告中，用來使口氣清新，以及用來在餐后清潔牙齒。
22. juvenile青少年
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.
很多關(guān)于青少年違法原因的理論都把主要影響原因歸于個(gè)人或社會(huì)。
23. jury 陪審團(tuán)
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values.
很多美國(guó)人把陪審團(tuán)制度看作關(guān)鍵民主價(jià)值的具體表現(xiàn)。
24. qualification 資格
There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.
有一個(gè)原則，那就是所有公民應(yīng)當(dāng)符合年齡和識(shí)字能力方面的最低資格要求。
25. specialization 專門化
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.
專門化可以看作是對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷積累的一種響應(yīng)。
26. prerequisite 先決條件
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.
專業(yè)化使得博士學(xué)位成為成功學(xué)術(shù)生涯的先決條件。
27. connotation 內(nèi)涵
The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.
"業(yè)余愛好者"一詞的確帶有這樣一種內(nèi)涵，那就是，沒有完全整合進(jìn)科學(xué)界的人不會(huì)分享其價(jià)值觀。
28. prospect 前景
Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the job center with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱著歌蹦蹦跳跳地來到就業(yè)中心，心里高興地想著這個(gè)慷慨的國(guó)家會(huì)讓你的收入翻番。
29. prosperity 繁榮
"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
"物質(zhì)的核心"是美國(guó)藝術(shù)與科學(xué)研究院剛發(fā)表的一篇報(bào)告，這篇報(bào)告肯定了人文學(xué)科和社會(huì)科學(xué)對(duì)于美國(guó)自由民主的繁榮與安全的重要性，因此是值得表?yè)P(yáng)的。
30. intelligence 智力，智能
Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.
陪審團(tuán)的職責(zé)曾經(jīng)僅限于那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素養(yǎng)的人。
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.
事實(shí)上，對(duì)于人工智能的探索所獲得的結(jié)果是非常復(fù)雜的。
31. fitness 健康
But despite some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
盡管存在一些反面的主張，事實(shí)上，笑對(duì)于身體健康幾乎沒有什么影響。
32. seminar 討論會(huì)
He spent many of his weekly seminars giving detailed instructions in techniques of observation.
他用了很多的周討論會(huì)來詳細(xì)說明觀察技術(shù)。
33. duty 職責(zé)
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
一些哲學(xué)家提出，權(quán)力作為職責(zé)與利益的交換的一部分，僅存在于契約中。
34. advocate 倡導(dǎo)(vt.) 倡導(dǎo)者(n.)
Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
羅森博格令人信服地提出，廣告商很善于應(yīng)用同伴壓力，公共健康倡導(dǎo)者應(yīng)當(dāng)向他們學(xué)習(xí)。
He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
他提倡思想自由和個(gè)人表達(dá)的自由。
35. benefactor 捐助者
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
這些捐助者在他們自己的領(lǐng)域很成功，他們想用自己的財(cái)富吸引那些在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域取得成功的人。
36. entrepreneur 企業(yè)家
These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.
這些突然崛起的企業(yè)家不可能通過金錢使自己的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)具有諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)那樣的威望。
37. chaos 混亂
Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.
貝多芬的音樂總是從混亂過渡到秩序，仿佛秩序是至高無上的人類存在。
38. tension 張力
The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.
在人類學(xué)中，普遍性與特殊性之間的張力能夠產(chǎn)生大量研究結(jié)果。
39. obesity 肥胖
Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.
很難對(duì)肥胖進(jìn)行定義，這一事實(shí)受到的關(guān)注更多。
40. significance 重要性，意義
Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events
由于日常生活占據(jù)了我們有意識(shí)的思想，因此我們并不總是會(huì)思考日常事件的情感意義。
41. institute 研究機(jī)構(gòu)，(專門型)學(xué)院
According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.
根據(jù)加拿大健康信息研究院的統(tǒng)計(jì)，自1997年以來，醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)總體開銷中處方藥成本在大幅上升。
42. institution 制度，機(jī)構(gòu)，機(jī)制
He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution.
他是那種與眾不同者，作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立于任何機(jī)構(gòu)的科學(xué)家在工作。
There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.
存在一種大批量交易，就是機(jī)構(gòu)用戶付錢通過網(wǎng)站特許協(xié)議來解除大量的在線期刊。
The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
研究機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)一致地表明，所有國(guó)家的勞動(dòng)者都可以通過工作培訓(xùn)來獲得生產(chǎn)率的根本提高，從而大幅提高生活水平。
The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.
如果不保護(hù)南方各州的制度，他們當(dāng)時(shí)就不會(huì)簽署憲法。
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
人們可以說，對(duì)任何社會(huì)機(jī)價(jià)值的衡量在于其擴(kuò)大并提示經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面的效果，但這一效果并不屬于這些機(jī)制的最初動(dòng)機(jī)。
Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsically linked to each other, and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.
馬林諾夫斯基把所有社會(huì)機(jī)制看成是相互聯(lián)系的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)當(dāng)將所有社會(huì)或文化現(xiàn)象放在其完整的社會(huì)情境中進(jìn)行研究。
43. intellectual 知識(shí)分子，知識(shí)的
It is intellectuals, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.
反對(duì)知識(shí)的正是知識(shí)分子本身，而不是美國(guó)。
44. manuscript 手稿
When I set out to revise and update this book, the original manuscript was five years old.
當(dāng)我在對(duì)這本書進(jìn)行修改和更新時(shí)，最初的手稿已經(jīng)存在五年之久了。
45. trait 特征
The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.
我們過高評(píng)估了關(guān)于才干的特征。
46. reference參考
In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had.
事實(shí)上，你可以嘗試對(duì)任何給定句子、圖像或參考可以具有的意義或效果進(jìn)行重建。
47. inference 推理
You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you.
你可以進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步推理，比如該文本對(duì)你具有何種重要性。
48. legacy 遺產(chǎn)
Morgan's legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.
摩根的遺產(chǎn)也會(huì)得到馬克思主義人類學(xué)家的認(rèn)可。
49. label 標(biāo)簽
Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.
技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得諸如颯拉、HM以及優(yōu)衣庫(kù)這樣的大眾市場(chǎng)品牌能夠?qū)κ袌?chǎng)趨勢(shì)快速反應(yīng)，并更加準(zhǔn)確地對(duì)需求進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。
50. vogue 流行
I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.
我將繼續(xù)講述西方文明中現(xiàn)在流行的體系特征。
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