英語美文閱讀:沃爾瑪發(fā)跡訣竅
How did a peddler of cheap shirts and fishing rods become the mightiest corporation in America?The short version of Wal-Mart’s rise to glory goes something like this:In 1979 it racked up a billion dollars in sales.By 1993 it did that much business in a we ek;by 2001 it could do it in a day.
It’s a stunning tale -- one that propelled Wal-Mart from rural Arkansas,where it was founded in 1962,to the top of the Fortune 500 this year.Sam Walton,Wal-Mart’s founder,pushed sales growth relentlessly while squeezing costs with sophisticated information technology.He exhorted employees to sell better with the“ten-foot rule”(greet customers if they are that close).He was,in other words,an early evangelist for the first commandment of today’s economy:Service rules.Wal-Mart,in fact,is the first service company to rise to the top of the Fortune 500.When Fortune first published its list of the largest companies in America in 1995,Wal-Mart didn’t even exist.That year General Motors was America’s biggest company,and in every year that followed,either GM or another mighty industrial,Exxon,was NO.1.
Wal-Mart’s achievement caps a bigger economic shift -- from producing goods to providing services.Manufacturing’s share of U.S.employment peaked in 1953,at 35%.It has been declining steadily since.In the decade that will end in 2010,the Bureau of Labor Statistics figures that goods-producing industries will create 1.3 million new jobs,compared to 20 million for service industries.To look at it another way,today there are about four times as many people working in service jobs as in other kinds of jobs.And even within manufacturing,services are an increasingly large share of operations.
As America got richer consumption got more complicated.With more income to throw around,people started spending more on services -- movies and travel,mortgages to buy houses,insurance to protect those houses,the occasional decadent weekend at a luxury hotel.
Economists call this a shift in the demand pattern;Fortune calls it the main reason that 64 of this year’s top 100 are service companies.Over the next few years,only three of the ten fastest-growing occupations(software engineers,nurses,and computer support)pay middle-class salaries.The rest could be called,well,Wal-Mart kinds of jobs -- cashiers,retail assistants,food service,and so on.In short,the service economy is delivering more good jobs than ever before.
[參考譯文]一個(gè)出售廉價(jià)襯衣和釣魚竿的商店是如何成為美國實(shí)力最強(qiáng)的公司的?沃爾瑪百貨公司的發(fā)跡史可以濃縮為以下三個(gè)階段:1979年它全年的銷售額為10億美元;到1993年,一周就能達(dá)到這個(gè)數(shù)額;在2001年僅需一天之功。
這是一個(gè)驚人的故事——這個(gè)1962年始創(chuàng)于阿肯色州鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的沃爾瑪百貨公司在今年一躍登上了《財(cái)富》500強(qiáng)的榜首。公司創(chuàng)始人薩姆·沃爾頓一面千方百計(jì)提高銷售額,一面以先進(jìn)的信息技術(shù)降低成本。他以嚴(yán)格的“10英尺規(guī)則”(向在這距離之內(nèi)的顧客致意)鼓勵(lì)員工提高銷售質(zhì)量。換句話說,他是當(dāng)今經(jīng)濟(jì)戒律——服務(wù)規(guī)則——的第一位傳道者。事實(shí)上,沃爾瑪百貨公司是第一個(gè)躍居《財(cái)富》500強(qiáng)榜首的`服務(wù)業(yè)公司。1955年,當(dāng)《財(cái)富》雜志第一次公布美國最大公司的排名時(shí),沃爾瑪甚至尚未問世。那一年,通用汽車公司是美國最大的公司,此后不是通用汽車公司就是另一個(gè)大公司——?松惊(dú)占鰲頭。
沃爾瑪?shù)某删瓦標(biāo)志著一個(gè)更重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變——從生產(chǎn)商品向提供服務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)變。1953年美國制造業(yè)的就業(yè)人數(shù)占總就業(yè)人數(shù)的比例達(dá)到最高點(diǎn)——35%,從此就開始逐年下降。根據(jù)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)字,到2010 年底的未來10年間,制造業(yè)將創(chuàng)造130萬個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會,而服務(wù)業(yè)創(chuàng)造的就業(yè)機(jī)會將高達(dá)2000萬個(gè)。換一個(gè)角度看,今天在服務(wù)業(yè)中工作的人數(shù)大約是其他行業(yè)的4倍。即使在制造業(yè)中,服務(wù)在業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營中所占的比例也越來越大。
隨著美國人的富裕程度日益提高,消費(fèi)也變得越來越復(fù)雜,人們開始把更多的錢花在服務(wù)方面——看電影、旅游、抵押買房、為房屋保險(xiǎn)、偶爾到豪華飯店度個(gè)奢侈周末。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家稱這種現(xiàn)象為需求變化;《財(cái)富》雜志則認(rèn)為這是本年度評出的100家最大公司中有64個(gè)是服務(wù)業(yè)公司的主要原因。在未來幾年,10種發(fā)展最快的職業(yè)中只有3種(軟件工程、護(hù)士和電腦支持)能夠提供中等收入,其余的都可稱作沃爾瑪式的職業(yè)——收銀員、售貨員、食品服務(wù),以及諸如此類的職業(yè)?傊^去相比,服務(wù)業(yè)正在提供更多相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的就業(yè)機(jī)會。
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