限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開，從句不可省去；非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。在以上幾個(gè)單元我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了限制性定語從句，現(xiàn)在把兩種從句作對(duì)比學(xué)習(xí)。
一、限制性定語從句
1.關(guān)系代詞that既可代表事物也可代表人，which只代表事物，它們?cè)趶木?/p>
中作主語或賓語。在從句中作賓語時(shí)�？墒÷�。
I was the only person in our office that was invited to the palace ball．
The present that（which）I received last week was from my sister．
This is a book which is about space rocket technology．
2.關(guān)系代詞who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語。如：
This is the man who helped me．
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room．
3. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞，作定語，相當(dāng)于who和whom的所有格，既可以修飾人又可以修飾物。如：
Do you know the student whose name is Wang Fei？
We lived in a room whose window opens to the west.
4. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來引導(dǎo)表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句，where在從句中作狀語。如：
At last we arrived at a small village where we’ll work for a week.
5. when是關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間，在從句中作狀語。
注意，表示時(shí)間的the time，the day, the moment作先行詞，其定語從句引導(dǎo)詞有四種情況：1）when,2) in/ on which3) that4)省略。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the day I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities.
6. why是關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句表示原因，在從句中作狀語。
7.關(guān)系副詞when, where, why可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)代替，但有兩點(diǎn)要注意：
1）在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能用that。關(guān)系代詞指物用which,指人時(shí)用whom，不用who；且which和whom在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中不能省略。如：
The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (正確)
The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable.(錯(cuò)誤)
2）在使用介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句時(shí)，含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。如“This is the watch which/that I am looking for.”不可以改為“This is the watch for which I am looking.”
二、非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，可用來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分。如：
She heard a terrible noise，which brought her heart into her mouth．
David studies hard and is ready to help others，which is what his parents expect．
2.在非限制性定語從句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which或as代表事物。關(guān)系代詞作定語時(shí)用whose。如：
He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
In the basket there are quite many apples, which have gone bad.
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.限
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句有時(shí)表達(dá)的意義不同，試分析下面兩個(gè)句子的差別：
His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥）
His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個(gè)哥哥）
3. as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1）As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。
He married her, as/which was natural.
He was honest, as/which we can see.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
2）as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以
切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。
As is known to all, China is a developing country.
He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
John, as you know, is a famous writer.
He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which
Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3）the same… as；such…as是固定結(jié)構(gòu),意思是“和……一樣……�！比纾�
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
I have never heard such a story as he tells.
He is not such a fool as he looks.
This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。
語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
單項(xiàng)填空
1. The soldier ran to the building, and ____flew a flag.
A. on the top of whichB. on the top of whom
C. on the top of itD. which
2. When the same man ____murdered the old lady entered the hotel once more,
the waiter immediately phoned the police.
A. asB. thatC. whichD. whom
3. He wore, ____was very common at the time, a black jacket.
A. thatB. whichC. itD. what
4. Was it in the room ____Mr. Johnson lived ____the exhibition was held?
A. that; thatB. where; thatC. where; whereD. that; where
5. ____, the population of China is the largest in the world.
A. It is known thatB. As is well known
C. Which is well knownD. We all know that
6. This is the very reason____ he gave me.
A. thatB. whyC. for whichD. which
7. He arrived in New York in 1949, ____, some time later, he became a writer.
A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which
8. They’re talking about the newly opened market, ____you get all ____you need.
A. in which; whichB. where; thatC. where; whichD. which; that
9. She heard a terrible noise, ____brought her heart into her mouth.
A. itB. whichC. thisD. that
10. I said nothing, ____made her angry.
A. whichB. whatC. /D. that
11. I shall never forget the time ____the blacks and whites were fighting side by side.
A. whenB. thatC. /D. A, B and C
12. He has three sons, ____are doctors.
A. two of whomB. both of whomC. all of themD. each of them
13. He tore up my photo, and____ made me angry.
A. thatB. whatC. whichD. who
14. I still remember the sitting-room____ my mother and I sat in last year.
A. whereB. in whichC. thatD. to which
15. The day we looked forward to ____.
A. comeB. comingC. having comeD. has come
答案
1. C。由于and的存在，這是并列句，而不是非限制性定語從句，排除A.
2. B。這里the same修飾man，其后只能用能代表人的關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句；whom是賓格，這里引導(dǎo)詞要在從句中作主語，故不能用。
3. B。which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，which所代表的是整個(gè)主句的意思，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)從句而提前了。
4. B。識(shí)別強(qiáng)調(diào)句型不難，但極有可能在第一個(gè)空填that,而誤選D。其實(shí)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分還含有一個(gè)定語從句，修飾room.
5. B。只有as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可位于主句之前，排除C；若去掉句中的逗號(hào)，A項(xiàng)則可構(gòu)成含有主語從句的復(fù)合句，D項(xiàng)則可構(gòu)成含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句。
6. A。強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)是B.這里不選why，是因?yàn)槎ㄕZ從句缺的.是賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞that.試比較：This is the reason why he gave me so much money;先行詞已被very一類的詞修飾過了，其后定語從句不用which引導(dǎo)，故亦排除D.
7. B。強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)是A.想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為定語從句先行詞是時(shí)間，事實(shí)上，這個(gè)非限制性定語從句所修飾的先行詞是地點(diǎn)New York,被介詞結(jié)構(gòu)分隔了。
8. B。where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，在該定語從句中，不定代詞all又帶that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句。
9. B。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看，這是個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，故不用it和this;引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句不用that.
10. A。如果只想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為nothing是不定代詞，其后的定語從句要用that引導(dǎo)，就錯(cuò)了。這里是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，應(yīng)該用which引導(dǎo)，并且which所代表的是整個(gè)主句的意思。
11. D。英語中少數(shù)幾個(gè)與時(shí)間有關(guān)的名詞，如the time, the day, the moment作先行詞，所帶定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞可用that代替when,也可以省略。
12. A。如果看出這是個(gè)定語從句，C、D很容易排除。Both of whom中的whom指兩個(gè)，數(shù)量是2/2；two of whom, whom指三人，數(shù)量是2/3.
13. A。強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)是C,因?yàn)橛衋nd，這是并列句,不是非限制性定語從句。這里that是指示代詞，作主語。
14. C。如果錯(cuò)誤地把后面的介詞in理解為in last year,可能誤選A、B.事實(shí)上，in與前邊的關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句。Last year是名詞詞組作時(shí)間狀語，不加冠詞。
15. D。這里“(that/which) we looked forward to”是修飾the day的定語從句；to的賓語是省略了的引導(dǎo)詞。
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