定語(yǔ)從句怎么講精彩
定語(yǔ)從句怎么講精彩
概念
被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句不同于單詞作定語(yǔ)的情況,它需要放在被修飾的詞(即先行詞)之后。定語(yǔ)從句一般由關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞必須放在定語(yǔ)從句之首。定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語(yǔ),修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。例如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
2) whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
練習(xí)題:
【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形 enter。
【分析】其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B。此句為省略句,即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do,若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(yǔ)(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的,而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭愃评洌?/p>
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學(xué)習(xí)以便趕上他的同學(xué)。
值得指出的是,這也并不是說(shuō)今后只要遇到類似結(jié)構(gòu)的題就一定選帶to不定式。請(qǐng)看以下試題:
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案是 C不是A,其中的.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此題答案選 C,這與前面動(dòng)詞 spent 的搭配有關(guān),即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補(bǔ)充完整,即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此題答案選D,注意兩點(diǎn):一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配,意為“把……貢獻(xiàn)給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易誤選B,根據(jù) can’t help doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)推出。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選A。比較以下結(jié)構(gòu):
can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一題,答案也是 B:
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再請(qǐng)看以下試題:
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此題應(yīng)選C,句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據(jù)句意用被動(dòng)形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為B。現(xiàn)分析如下:
(1) devote 意為“致力于,獻(xiàn)身于”,主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to,其中的to 是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞,不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯(cuò)誤:若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確:all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),用作狀語(yǔ)。
(4) 選C錯(cuò)誤:因?yàn)閍ll her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯(cuò)誤:若單獨(dú)看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments,此句并沒有錯(cuò),但問(wèn)題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒有必要的連接方式,所以從整體上看仍不對(duì),假若在后一句的句首加上and或so,則可選D,或?qū)將中的is 改為 being也可選它。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例:虛擬語(yǔ)氣(例題)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】正確答案選B。根據(jù)上文的語(yǔ)境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件,即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過(guò)這篇文章的話——但事實(shí)上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選,主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響。
【分析】最佳答案為D。關(guān)鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,句子既然用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣,也就是說(shuō),“他喝醉了”不是事實(shí),只是他的言行好像是醉了,所以此題的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者,認(rèn)為前后兩句的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)應(yīng)一致;選C者,認(rèn)為其后帶有if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句,從語(yǔ)氣上看,主句應(yīng)用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。分析如下:
(1) “so + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”是一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu),它表示“……也一樣”時(shí)。如:
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視,我也一樣。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當(dāng)動(dòng)植物消失的時(shí)候,人類也會(huì)隨之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣(這是很重要的信息),所以主句要用 would 而不用 will,即答案應(yīng)選D。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例:強(qiáng)調(diào)句(例題)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D,認(rèn)為強(qiáng)調(diào)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because we were late。
【分析】但實(shí)際上,此題的答案為B,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子主語(yǔ) our being late,此題若還原成非強(qiáng)調(diào)句,即為:
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意,強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是,若去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) it is [was]… that…,句子仍然成立;換句話說(shuō),該結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that 不能充當(dāng)句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均可能誤選。
【分析】答案選A,為強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式,其相應(yīng)的陳述句形式為:
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比較以下各題,它們也屬?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式:
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 who,該句實(shí)為類似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式(即對(duì)其中的Tom 提問(wèn)而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 what,該句實(shí)為類似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式(即對(duì)其中的a bike 提問(wèn)而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選,但最有可能誤選的可能是A,認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)普通的系表結(jié)構(gòu),即認(rèn)為第二空要填形容詞作表語(yǔ)。
【分析】其實(shí),此題是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,其非強(qiáng)調(diào)形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的狀語(yǔ) very carefully 即為上面一題的題干,所以答案應(yīng)選B。請(qǐng)看下面幾例,也屬?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 at Christmas,其中的動(dòng)詞 be 采用了 may have been 這一較為復(fù)雜的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能誤選C,認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) in the hall。
【分析】假若選C,即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting,該句的意思是“學(xué)生們通常是在
大廳開會(huì)”,單獨(dú)看這一句,無(wú)論是其意思還是其語(yǔ)法均未錯(cuò),但若將其與上文聯(lián)系起來(lái)看,則不通,因?yàn)樯衔牡囊馑际恰澳闶窃?/p>
哪兒找到昨天作報(bào)告的那位教授的?”假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor,則完全可以。
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