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2015年雅思大作文之環(huán)境類話題
一、?荚掝}
一般來講,環(huán)保類話題分為三種類型,分別為環(huán)境類,動物類及資源類。而這三種類型的題目都有一些母題?忌跍蕚淦陂g就可以按照這些母題來準備,后面任何題目內(nèi)容的轉(zhuǎn)變都是萬變不離其宗的。
1. 環(huán)境類
(1) Some people think thatenvironmental problems are too big for individuals to solve. Only governmentsand large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree ordisagree?(關(guān)于誰為環(huán)境保護負責)
(2) Some people believe thatair travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and willuse up the world’s resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?(交通工具的利弊比較)
2. 動物類
(1) Some people think it isnecessary to use animals for testing medicines intended for human use. Others,however, think it is cruel to do that. Discuss both views and give your ownopinion.(關(guān)于是否要用動物做實驗的討論)
(2) Many animal species inthe world is becoming extinct. Some people say countries and other individualsshould protect these animals from dying out, while others say we shouldconcentrate more on problems of human beings. Discuss both views and give yourown opinion.(關(guān)于是否要保護瀕危動物的討論)
3. 資源類
(1) Many countries usefossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) as the main source of energy. However,in some countries the use of alternative sources of energy such as wind energyand solar energy are encouraged. To what extent do you agree or disagree?(關(guān)于化石燃料和新能源的對比)
二、備考建議
專家認為,在明確了上述常出考題的情況下,就要著手開始準備了。一般情況,我們建議按照詞匯,背景知識和段落書寫這三個方面去準備。而其中,詞匯和背景知識是可以合在一起準備的,多讀國外的一些報刊,雜志或新聞都不乏是一種比較有效的積累知識的方式。下面給大家提供到的一些段落就來自于學(xué)術(shù)網(wǎng)站,其中與環(huán)境相關(guān)的一些詞匯已經(jīng)有重點地為大家標出,考生可以重點記憶。
1. 背景知識的拓展
(1) 國際問題
一些自然因素(natural fact)例如海洋和風(fēng)并不會限制在(be confined to)特定的國境中(national boundaries),因此一個國家的污染往往會對其他國家的環(huán)境產(chǎn)生嚴重的影響(have seriousenvironmental consequences)。這些問題包括石油泄漏(oil spills)和沙塵暴(dust storms)等等。
例如2005年,中國東北地區(qū)(northeasternChina)的一個化工廠(chemical plant)爆炸(explode),使得大量有毒物質(zhì)泄漏并進入松花江(spill toxins into the Songhua River),進而污染了處于松花江下游地區(qū)(downstream fromthe spill)一些俄羅斯城市的飲用水(drinking water)。
(2) 國際所做的一些事情來保護環(huán)境
為應(yīng)對全球氣候變暖(global warming),不少國家要求對發(fā)電廠(power plants)的碳污染水平(carbon pollution levels)加以限制,因為發(fā)電廠排放的溫室氣體(greenhouse gasemissions)就能占總排放量的三分之一。為了降低碳污染的水平,除了要提高以燒煤發(fā)電的工廠(coal-firedpower plants)的效率外(more efficient),還可以鼓勵多使用例如風(fēng)能和太陽能(wind and solarpower)等可再生能源(renewable sources of energy),并建造核能發(fā)電廠(nuclear power plants)來降低對化石燃料(fossil fuels)的依賴。
另外,各國政府還鼓勵群眾選擇環(huán)境友好的生活方式(make eco-friendly lifestyle choices),減少、再使用和循環(huán)利用廢料(reduce, reuse and recycle waste),培養(yǎng)(cultivate)人們的環(huán)保意識。
(3) 如何保護瀕危動物
林業(yè)和棲息地的保護(Forestry and habitat protection),人工繁殖(captive breeding),建立(setting up)更多的自然保護區(qū)(nature reserves)和公園,拒絕使用瀕危動物或稀有動物生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品(products)(皮,鱷魚皮,象牙,等等)(Fur, Crocodile skin, Ivory, etc.)。政府可以為國際貿(mào)易(international trade)制定動物保護的法律法規(guī)(make animal protection laws and regulations)?茖W(xué)家們正建立可以保存(preserve)動物遺傳物質(zhì)(genetic material)的基因庫(gene banks)。
(4) 新能源的使用情況
水力發(fā)電(Hydroelectric power)是美國目前最大的可再生能源(producer of renewable power)。2010年,水力發(fā)電占美國全國用電總量(nation's totalelectricity)的6.2%,美國可再生能源總量(total renewablepower)的60.2%。繼中國,加拿大,巴西后,美國是世界第四大水力發(fā)電生產(chǎn)國(fourth largest producer ofhydroelectricity)。
中國現(xiàn)在是世界上最大的太陽能熱水器市場(market forsolar hot water),占全球三分之二的比例(two-thirds of global capacity)。超過10%的中國家庭(Chinese households)依靠1.6億多平方米的集熱總面積(as total collectorarea)的太陽能加熱水(heat their water)。
2. 段落書寫
專家認為,在有了一定的素材積累下,考生可以根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞或一些觀點嘗試段落的書寫,一方面是讓自己能把詞匯和觀點更好地記憶住,另外也可以加強自己的寫作速度。下面的幾個段落是呈現(xiàn)給考生的關(guān)于環(huán)保類?嫉6道題的一些段落展示。
(1) 關(guān)于誰為環(huán)境保護負責
參考段落展示:(摘自與Cambridge 8考官范文)
Ithink to tackle(解決) the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to bedeveloped. The technology is already available to produce electric cars thatwould be both quieter and cleaner to use. Persuading(勸說)manufacturers(制造商) and travelers to adoptthis new technology would be a more effective strategy for improving airquality.
段落大意:為了有效地解決污染問題,清潔能源應(yīng)該被研發(fā)。電瓶車就安靜又清潔。勸說汽車生產(chǎn)商和游客使用這種新的科技將是一個非常有效的方式來改善大氣質(zhì)量。
Thegovernment needs to improve the choice of public transport services availableto travelers. For example, if sufficient sky trains and underground trainsystems were built and effectively maintained(維護) inour major cities, then traffic on the roads would be made dramatically(急劇地)reduced. Long-distance train and coach services should be made attractive and affordable(可承擔的)alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.
段落大意:政府應(yīng)該要增加游客對于公共交通的選擇性。比如,輕軌和地鐵在大城市應(yīng)該被建立和維護,這樣可以急劇減輕路面交通的壓力。另外長途大巴服務(wù)也應(yīng)該更加吸引人,價格更加可承受,這樣人們就會減少開私家車。
(2) 交通工具的利弊比較
Aircraftshave a higher capacity/volume(容量), allowing greater numbers of passengers each flight andthereby giving the best possible values to the fuel used.
段落大意:飛機的容量比較大,每一次飛行可以承載大量的乘客,因此能源利用率會比較高。
Althoughit is difficult to measure the actual impact of the noise on the people’s dailylives, its ability to increase the anxiety(焦慮) and levels of annoyance(惱人) has been confirmed
段落大意:盡管很難測量噪音對人們?nèi)粘I畹挠绊,但是?jīng)研究證明,飛機的噪音的確會增加人們的焦慮和惱人的程度。
Byreplacing the old engines with fuel-efficient ones, people can mitigate(減輕)the environmental impact caused by flying.
段落大意:通過用節(jié)能引擎來代替舊的,人們可以減輕由飛行所產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境問題。
(3) 關(guān)于是否要用動物做實驗的討論
Using animals for medicinetests will largely guarantee(確保)human being’s safety and will save a greater number of people’s lives who may contract(感染) some illness. In otherwords, if there were no animal-tested medicines, many people would die ofdisease.
段落大意:用動物做實驗在很大程度上會確保人們的安全,并且會拯救很多感染疾病的人的生命。換句話說,如果沒有這些動物實驗過的藥品,很多人就會因為疾病而死亡。
(4) 關(guān)于是否要保護瀕危動物的討論
The importance ofprotecting the extinct animals cannot be ignored.(忽視)Therefore, it is high timethat government should shoulder(肩負) the responsibility to protect the animals from dyingout. For example, more nature reserves should be set up to provide animals withhabitat protection. In addition, scientists are encouraged to establish genebanks(基因庫)in which genetic material can be well preserved.
段落大意:保護瀕危動物的重要性是不能被忽視的,因此政府需要承擔起這個責任。比如,可以建立更多的自然保護區(qū)來給動物提供安全的棲息地。另外,政府也可以花錢建立基因庫來儲存動物的基因。
(5) 關(guān)于化石燃料和新能源的對比
Replacingfossil fuels with alternative ones has profound(深遠)的meanings. On top of the list(首先), this can significantly reduce the pollution. Sincefossil fuels are the major sources of carbon dioxide, replacing them couldgreatly control the emission(排放) of greenhouse gases. One good example can be seen inAmerica, which tripled(三倍)their energy production from hydroelectricity power andpollution from electric system dropped by 80% to 90%.
段落大意:用可替代能源來代替化石燃料有很多深遠的影響。首先,這樣可以減少污染,因為化石燃料是二氧化碳的主要來源,而使用可替代能源可以減少溫室氣體的排放。美國就是一個典型的例子,水力發(fā)電使得污染減少了80%到90%。
通過閱讀本文,相信各位考生已經(jīng)大概明白環(huán)境類話題在雅思寫作中的體現(xiàn)形式。小編希望大家能把文章中的論點和詞匯好好記憶一下,這樣踏入考場才能做到胸有成竹!
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