第二句有引導目的狀語從句主句的主語為，語法這句話的主干句就是引導的是的同位語從句是用來修飾的，常見的介詞有等而不定式短語的標志詞是后接動詞原形，英語四級閱讀長難句句子結構分析。
長難句句子結構分析(1-10)
1.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
語法：這句話包含了幾個從句，句子的主干試TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundaeconomy.basicallyprivate-enterprise,market-oriented作定語修飾economy，副詞basically修飾形容詞。Inwhich后面引導一個economy的狀語從句，what從句則是determine的賓語從句，最后一個that從句是thosegoodsandservices的定語從句。
[參考譯文]美國的經(jīng)濟是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場導向經(jīng)濟為架構的，在這種經(jīng)濟中，消費者很大程度上通過在市場上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務付費來決定什么應該被制造出來。
2.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
語法：強調(diào)句。Coupledwith連接兩個并列成分(thedemand…&thedesire…),兩個不定時短語表示這些人群的目的，determine后面帶兩個賓語從句。
[參考譯文]因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟體系中，個體消費者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的欲望和個人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結合，一起決定了什么應該被制造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。
3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.
ontheotherhand是插入語，可以放在句首，所以這句話其實就是一個有if發(fā)起的條件狀語從句，從句中動名詞作主語，使用一般現(xiàn)在時，主句中this指代從句整句話，主句用一般將來時，which從句是定語從句，它的先行詞是supply.
[參考譯文]另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會反過來降低價格并允許更多的消費者購買產(chǎn)品。
http://www.lady-power.com heAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
語法：這句話的語法不復雜，只是并列成分比較多。主語是theconceptofprivateproperty,謂語是embraces,后面notonly…butalso…的成分就是embraces的賓語了。Including后面的全部內(nèi)容補充說面前面的certainrights.
[參考譯文]在美國經(jīng)濟中，私有財產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對生產(chǎn)資源的所有權，也指其他一些特定的權利，如確定一個產(chǎn)品價格和與另一個私人個體(經(jīng)濟單位)自由簽定合同的權利。
5.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.
語法：第一個句子的主語是thesecomputers，謂語是record，后面有兩個以and連接的賓語從句whichhoursarebusiest和whichemployeesarethemostefficient，作record的賓語，逗號之后的現(xiàn)在分詞結構allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly作全句的狀語。第二句話是個典型的主謂賓結構的簡單句，they指thesecomputers.
[參考譯文]同時這些計算機記錄下哪些時間是最忙的，哪些員工工作效率最高，這樣就能相應地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計算機)也能為促銷活動找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權的顧客。
6.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.
語法：黑體部分分別是這個句子的主語、謂語和賓語，中間兩個from…to…是enterprises的同位語。
[參考譯文]不計其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志出版商，從公用燃氣電力設施到牛奶處理廠，都通過計算機的使用給消費者帶來更好、更有效率的服務。
7.Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.
語法：前一個句子的主干部分已經(jīng)用加粗字體標出來，insomesignificantway是狀語，ofthesameage作定語說明其他人的年齡跟殘疾兒童的年齡一樣。第二句有for引導目的狀語從句，主句的主語為education.
[參考譯文]殘疾兒童在許多關鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能，他們的教育必須適應這些不同。
8.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.
語法：這句話的主干句就是Thegreatinterestindicatesfeelings.That引導的是feelings的同位語從句，whatevertheirspecialconditions是用來修飾allcitizens的
[參考譯文]在過去的30年中，公共教育中顯示的對殘疾兒童的巨大關注表明了我們社會中的一種中強烈的情緒，那就是所有的公民，不管其情況有多特殊，都應享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機會。
9.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.
語法：thereby和so連接兩個謂語，有遞進的含義，主語都是it，斜體的詞都是it的謂語。
[參考譯文]它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價格被迅速分銷出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一個堅固的國內(nèi)市場，同時也使以具有競爭力的價格提供出口變得可能。
10.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.
語法：Apartfrom意思是除此之外，包括或者不包括短語后面的事物，根據(jù)語境推斷，這個句子就是包括了后面的提到的thefact,that引導fact的同位語從句。句子的主語是noregularadvertiser,dare是一個情態(tài)動詞，表示敢做sth.最后一個that引導product的定語從句。
[參考譯文]除去議會有27件法案來規(guī)范廣告的條件，沒有任何一個正式的廣告商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。
2016GCT閱讀理解句子結構分析、長難句講解-8.25
閱讀長難句
一、拆分英語長難句三原則
1.并列轉折原則
長難句由于句子較長，多表現(xiàn)為并列結構�？梢云普厶枴⒎痔�、并列連詞and或or、轉折連詞but、yet、while等為切入點，將各個長句斷為分句。
2.主句從句原則各種從句的交替出現(xiàn)是長難句的顯著特點之一，我們可以從各種從句的標志性引導詞入手（定語從句的關系代詞或副詞who，whom，whose，which，that，as，when，where，while，how；名詞性從句的關系代詞或關系副詞who，whom，which，what，that，whether，when，where，why，how等；狀語從句的when，as，since，until，before，after，where，because，though，although，sothat等）將各個分句斷為主句和從句。
3.短語成分原則無論是主句還是從句，都是由詞和短語構成的。其中，介詞短語或者不定式短語由于充當定語或狀語的枝葉成分而成為我們解決的重點。常見的介詞有on,in,with,at,of,to,by等；而不定式短語的標志詞是to（后接動詞原形）。找出并暫時去掉介詞短語或不定式短語能幫助我們迅速抓住句子的主干，而將其妥善還原，則有利于對句子的正確理解。
http://www.lady-power.com nveyed---andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.
二、長難句釋例
定語從句
1.Whenwetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality,wemeanthewaysdifferentfromothers.
2.Andthelimitedinvestmentsmuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.
名詞從句
1.Responsiblepublicofficialshavepointedoutthebiologicaleffectsofchemicalsarecumulative(積累的)overlongperiodsoftime,andthatthedangertotheindividualmaydependonthesumoftheexposuresreceivedthroughouthislifetime.
2.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremiseinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalsspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict.
3.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact;iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.
4.Advancedlearnersfromthiskindofbackgroundwillnotevaluateadictionaryonhowuser-friendlyitisbutwillalsohavedefiniteviewsaboutthescopeandappropriateneofthevarioussocio-culturalentries.狀語從句
1.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
2.Itsoundslike“l(fā)earningtodriveacar”,thatis,itsoundsasifthereissomesetofdefiniteskillsthat,oncerequired,enableonetouseacomputer.
3.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.
4.Insomewhatsimilarfashion,computerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlife,particularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.
5.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpand
territoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.
分詞作狀語（非謂語動詞）
1.Expertshavestudiedtheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea.
2.Giventhecomplexities,andambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituents,theexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.
分割結構
1.Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.
2.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotation（樂譜）hasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.
http://www.lady-power.com nflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,isdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.
4.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhoposseit,whethertheyworkin
manufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.
5.Evenso,trueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,asthisbookindicates.
GCT-2016
Lazy?Shy?Liveinacave?Thosemightnotbepositiveattributesfortheaveragehuman,buttheysurearegoodforanimalstryingtosurviveinachangingenvironment.Accordingtoanewstudy,beaststhathibernate(冬眠)orcrawlintoholesarelelikelytobelistedasendangeredthanthosethatdon't.
Followingupapreviousstudyonextinctanimals,whichshowedthatspeciesexhibiting"sleeporhide"(SLOH)behaviorsdidbetterthanothers,theresearcherswantedtoseeifthesamewastrueofmoderncreatureslikemolesandbears.Tofindoutifourmoretimidanimalshavealegupinthesurvivalgame,researchersmadeamasterlistof443sleep-or-hidemammals.
Withtheirlistinhand,theteamcomparedtheir443tothe"redlist"ofendangeredspeciespublishedbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature.Assuspected,asleepyorhidinganimalwaslelikelytobeontheredlistthanaregularanimal,andared-listanimalwas
alsolelikelytobeaSLOH-er.
Thismakesalotofsense,asanimalsthathideawayinacaveoratreeholeareprotectedbytheirphysicalsheltersfromavariableenvironmentoutside,whilehibernatorsenjoyaflexiblemetabolism(新陳代謝)thatcanhelpthemadapttoachangingclimate.
16.Onthelistofextinctanimalsstudied,therewere_____________.
A.fewerSLOH-ersthanregularanimals
B.moreSLOH-ersthanexpected
C.asmanySLOH-ersasregularanimals
D.hardlyanySLOH-ers
17.Thephrase"alegup"inParagraph2probablymeans__________.
A.aninstinctB.anadvantage
C.afightD.achance
18.Thestudyofmodemcreatures___________.
A.isunrelatedtothestudyofextinctanimals
B.findsevidencemissinginthestudyofextinctanimals
C.hasfindingssimilartothoseofthestudyofextinctanimals
D.revealsadifferentpatternfromthestudyofextinctanimals
19.Accordingtothepassage,red-listanimalsaremorelikelyto____________.
A.belazyB.betimid
C.livelongD.sleepless
http://www.lady-power.com helastparagraphtheauthor____________.
http://www.lady-power.com paresthebehaviorsofsleepersandhiders
B.offersanexplanationforthesurvivalofsleepersandhiders
C.analyzeshowachangingenvironmentaffectsSLOH-ers
D.emphasizeswhatcanbelearnedfromSLOH-ers
英語四級閱讀長難句句子結構分析(16)
英語四級閱讀長難句句子結構分析(16)
分詞和從句
分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)和分詞短語在英語中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充當補語,定語,狀語等成分。在成分復雜的句子中，有時分詞的出現(xiàn)易同謂語動詞的被動式或者進行時搞混，造成句子主干的判斷錯誤。帶有自己主語的分詞獨立結構由于同非限制性定語從句和插入語一樣需要逗號同句子的其他成分分開，因此常會誤認為是非限制性定語或插入語。有些從句，尤其是定語從句，其形式變化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。
Excrise
Someonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlewillgointooldagemorecongnitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.
Whenbuildingspaceonthegroundbecomesscarceusemustbemadeofthespaceintheair.
Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomewaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarrantyoranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.
要點：句首的someone后有介詞短語withahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanle對其進行修飾。第二個someone后有一個定語從句1
whohasnothadanactivemind對其進行修飾�！皊ound”在此句中的意思為“健康，健全”。
譯文:經(jīng)常積極思考的人進入老年后,比不積極思考的人在認知方面更加健康.
要點：主句的謂語usemustbemadeofthespaceintheair.是被動語態(tài)。在英語中“動詞+名詞+介詞”類的短語將主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)有兩種改法。一種是將詞組中的名詞上升為主語;另一種是將介詞后面的賓語升為主語。
舉例：主語態(tài)：Theytakecareofthebabies.
被動態(tài)1Careofthebabiesaretakenbythem.
被動態(tài)2Thebabiesaretakencarebythem.
在本句中是采用了第一種做法，全句的主動語態(tài)為Wemusttakeuseofthespaceintheair.
譯文：當?shù)孛娴慕ㄖ臻g變得緊張時，我們必須在空中拓展空間。要點：when引導時間狀語從句，直到逗號為止。"anitem"后有定語從句"sheorhebought"對其修飾，"insomeway"意為在某一方面，"liveupto"意為達到。。。標準。
譯文：消費者一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)所購商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能達到生產(chǎn)廠家宣稱的標準，應采取的第一步是向購物商店出示保單或其他有效的證據(jù)。
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